Fig. 3

Associations of body weight changes with the changes in lipidomic profiles. A Gestational weight gain (GWG), weight loss (WL) and postpartum weight retention (PWR). B Histograms of GWG (n = 261), WL (n = 253) and PWR (n = 253). C Pairwise Pearson correlation (R) heat map between pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI) and body weight changes. D Forest plots (error bar: 95% CI) of three association results. Diamond—P_adj ≥ 0.05 (grey), circle—P_adj < 0.05 and square—P_adj < 1.00E−5. E Scatter plots of effect sizes (SD/SD). Effect size is SD change in log₂FC for one SD increase in body weight change. F Venn diagram of significant lipid species in three analyses