Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Â | All (N = 976) | Trio subjects (N = 263) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Preconception | Preconception | Pregnancy | Â | Postpartum | |||
n | Mean (Std) or % | n | Mean (Std) or % | n | Mean (Std) or % | n | Mean (Std) or % | |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
 Chinese | 705 | 72.23% | 205 | 77.95% | 205 | 77.95% | 205 | 77.95% |
 Malay | 147 | 15.06% | 34 | 12.93% | 34 | 12.93% | 34 | 12.93% |
 Indian | 88 | 9.02% | 15 | 5.70% | 15 | 5.70% | 15 | 5.70% |
 Others | 36 | 3.69% | 9 | 3.42% | 9 | 3.42% | 9 | 3.42% |
Education | ||||||||
 Below university | 363 | 37.19% | 74 | 28.14% | 74 | 28.14% | 74 | 28.14% |
 University & above | 612 | 62.70% | 189 | 71.86% | 189 | 71.86% | 189 | 71.86% |
 Missing | 1 | 0.10% | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Parity | ||||||||
 Nulliparous | 630 | 64.55% | 162 | 61.60% | 162 | 61.60% | 162 | 61.60% |
 Parous | 344 | 35.25% | 101 | 38.40% | 101 | 38.40% | 101 | 38.40% |
 Missing | 2 | 0.20% | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Age at recruitment (years) | 976 | 30.78 (3.73) | 263 | 30.06 (3.26) | 263 | 30.06 (3.26) | 263 | 30.06 (3.26) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 970 | 23.78 (5.25) | 262 | 23.03 (4.40) | 262 | 23.03 (4.40) | 262 | 23.03 (4.40) |
Breastfeedinga | ||||||||
 Yes | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 229 | 87.07% |
 No | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 24 | 9.13% |
 Missing | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 10 | 3.80% |
Weight (kg) | 971 | 60.71 (13.71) | 262 | 58.75 (11.4) | 262 | 66.66 (11.62) | 255 | 61.69 (11.85) |
Gestational weight gainb (kg) | --- | --- | --- | --- | 261 | 7.77 (3.88) | --- | --- |
Weight lossc (kg) | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 253 | 4.84 (3.54) |
Postpartum weight retentiond (kg) | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 253 | 2.95 (4.37) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 963 | 4.82 (0.83) | 241 | 4.69 (0.78) | 241 | 6.37 (0.96) | 241 | 5.03 (0.86) |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 962 | 0.90 (0.50) | 241 | 0.79 (0.35) | 241 | 2.02 (0.63) | 241 | 0.78 (0.36) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 963 | 1.43 (0.30) | 241 | 1.46 (0.28) | 241 | 1.99 (0.35) | 241 | 1.59 (0.32) |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 962 | 2.97 (0.74) | 241 | 2.87 (0.7) | 241 | 3.46 (0.81) | 241 | 3.09 (0.78) |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 973 | 4.81 (0.67) | 249 | 4.73 (0.34) | 249 | 4.27 (0.35) | 249 | 4.56 (0.38) |
2-h post-load glucose (mmol/L) | 965 | 5.98 (1.95) | 226 | 5.59 (1.17) | 226 | 6.67 (1.29) | 226 | 5.66 (1.05) |
Fasting insulin (mU/mL) | 974 | 7.12 (6.35) | 243 | 5.7 (3.61) | 243 | 7.07 (3.78) | 243 | 4.80 (3.2) |
HOMA-IR | 971 | 1.57 (1.66) | 240 | 1.19 (0.78) | 240 | 1.35 (0.76) | 240 | 1.00 (0.72) |
HbA1c (%) | 973 | 5.13 (0.42) | 249 | 5.06 (0.27) | 249 | 4.79 (0.29) | 249 | 5.10 (0.28) |