Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Asian

• Age: 19–40 years

• Singleton pregnancy

• Within the third trimester of pregnancy

• Meeting the diagnostic criteria for early-onset pre-eclampsia

• Free of chronic diseases (kidney disease diabetes, hypertension, or other chronic diseases), autoimmune disorders, infections, or hepatitis in preconception

• Obtain patient informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Multiple gestations

• Fetal congenital malformation

• Fetal chromosomal disorders

• History of chronic diseases

• Complicated with serious internal or surgery-related disease