Fig. 1

Functional pathway enrichment analysis of proteins dysregulated in bladder cancer urine using Gene Ontology, KEGG pathway, and protein–protein interaction networks. All 330 proteins with a Mann–Whitney p-value < 0.05 (BC versus UC) in the aptamer-based screen were used for functional pathway enrichment. A–C The top 10 Gene Ontology biological process, molecular functions, and KEGG pathways obtained through GO are plotted respectively based on p-value significance in the order of fold enrichment. The size of the dots represents the count/hit number of genes belonging to the annotation term, and the color of the dots is representative of − log₁₀FDR value. D Protein–protein interaction networks for the top 330 proteins (BC vs UC, Mann–Whitney p-value < 0.05) were created using the Cytoscape stringApp. MCODE clustering was preformed to find highly interconnected nodes in the network. The top 3 clusters are plotted with their associated Reactome pathways. The color of each node corresponds to the fold change. Nodes with a fold change of less than 1 (reduced in BC) range in color from blue to purple while those with a fold change greater than 1 (increased in BC) range from pink to red. E The top transcription factor regulator regulating the differentially expressed proteins was identified using the iRegulon plugin available for Cytoscape. Nodes with a fold change of less than 1 range in color from blue to purple while those with a fold change greater than 1 range from pink to red