Association of regular glucosamine use with incident dementia: evidence from a longitudinal cohort and Mendelian randomization study

Table 2 Associations of regular glucosamine use with incident dementia

Outcomes	Glucosamine non-user (n = 400,555)	Glucosamine user (n = 94,259)	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Propensity score adjusted
Outcomes	Glucosamine non-user (n = 400,555)	Glucosamine user (n = 94,259)	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
All-cause dementia	1971 (0.5)	487 (0.5)	0.81 (0.73–0.90)	< 0.001	0.84 (0.75–0.93)	0.002	0.82 (0.73–0.92)	< 0.001
Alzheimer’s disease	732 (0.2)	192 (0.2)	0.78 (0.65–0.92)	0.018	0.83 (0.71–0.98)	0.029	0.80 (0.68–0.95)	< 0.001
Vascular dementia	408 (0.1)	83 (0.09)	0.68 (0.54–0.87)	0.002	0.74 (0.58–0.95)	0.018	0.72 (0.56–0.93)	0.009

Values are numbers (%) unless stated otherwise
^aModel 1: adjusted for age and sex
^bModel 2: additionally adjusted for ethnicity, education, Townsend Deprivation Index, household income, body mass index, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, health condition, antihypertensive drugs, insulin treatment, statin use, opioids use, chondroitin use, aspirin use, non-aspirin NSAID use, vitamin supplementation, mineral and other dietary supplementation, memory, and reaction time

ISSN: 1741-7015