Table 1 Preconception maternal characteristics between GDM and non-GDM matching controls by maternal age, ethnicity, and pre-pregnancy body mass index category

Age, years

30.09 (2.52)

30.59 (2.39)

0.50

Parity

0.55

 0

23 (67.65)

22 (68.75)

 1

9 (26.47)

10 (31.25)

 2

2 (5.88)

0 (0)

BMI, kg/m²

23.5* (4.13)

23.77* (4.24)

0.44

BMI category,

0.86

 Underweight, < 18.5 kg/m²

1 (3.0)

3 (9.1)

 Normal weight, 18.5–22.9 kg/m²

17 (51.5)

17 (51.5)

 Overweight, 23.0–27.4 kg/m²

7 (21.2)

6 (18.2)

 Obese, >  = 27.5 kg/m²

8 (24.2)

7 (21.2)

Waist to hip ratio

0.85 (0.06)

0.86 (0.04)

0.60

HbA1c, mmol

33.2 (2.96)

32.5 (3.09)

0.33

Prior GDM, yes

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

OGTT

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

4.91 (0.5)

4.8 (0.26)

0.16

 2-h glucose, mmol/L

6.1 (1.61)

5.48 (1.37)

0.13

 Prediabetes, yes

1 (3.23)

2 (6.25)

0.10

Family history of DM, yes

12 (36.36)

7 (21.88)

0.27

Time-to-pregnancy, months

2.45 (7.74)

3.84 (5.22)

0.86