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Table 3 Summary of findings from interventions by last point of outcome assessment

From: Interventions to improve well-being among children and youth aged 6–17 years during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review

Source (design)

Intervention domain(s)1

Last time of assessment

Outcome measure(s)

Significant effect of intervention2

Immediately post-intervention

Choi (CRT)

Health and nutrition

N/A

Myopia progression

Slowed myopia progression

Ding (RCT)

Health and nutrition

N/A

Anxiety; depression; sleep quality

Decreased anxiety; decreased depression; increased sleep quality

Liu (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Agency and resilience

N/A

Anxiety; depression; Internet addiction; negative coping; positive coping

Decreased anxiety; decreased depression; decreased Internet addiction; decreased negative coping; increased positive coping

Sarti (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Connectedness

Learning and competence

N/A

Learning; negative emotions; positive emotions; well-being

Improved learning; increased positive emotions; increased well-being

Shao (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Agency and resilience

N/A

Anxiety; depression; satisfaction; resilience

Decreased anxiety; decreased depression; increased satisfaction; increased resilience

Yadav (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Learning and competence

N/A

Anger; attention; depression; memory; mood; stress; sleep quality

Decreased anger; improved mood; decreased stress; improved sleep

Zhang (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Agency and resilience

N/A

Anxiety; depression; resilience

Decreased anxiety; decreased depression; increased resilience

Zuo (RCT)

Health and nutrition

N/A

Anxiety; depression; Self-efficacy

Decreased anxiety;

increased self-efficacy

Intervention follow-up

Malboeuf-Hurtubise (a) (CRT)

Health and nutrition

Connectedness

1 week

Anxiety; depression; hyperactivity; inattention

Decreased hyperactivity; decreased inattention

Malboeuf-Hurtubise (b) (CRT)

Health and nutrition

Connectedness

1 week

Anxiety; inattention; satisfaction

Decreased anxiety; decreased depression; increased satisfaction

Mesurado (CRT)

Connectedness

1 week

Kindness and generosity; positive emotions

Increased kindness and generosity; increased positive emotions

Zheng (CRT)

Health and nutrition

2 weeks

Anxiety; eye strain; sleep quality

Decrease anxiety; decreased eye strain

Gadari (RCT)

Agency and resilience

1 month

Social self-efficacy

Increased self-efficacy

Chen (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Connectedness

1 month

Anxiety; positive and negative affect; well-being

Decreased anxiety; increased positive affect; decreased negative affect

Lee (RCT)

Health and nutrition

1.5 months

Balance; muscular strength; fitness; flexibility

Increased balance; increased muscular strength; increased fitness; increased flexibility

Cataldi (RCT)

Health and nutrition

2 months

Anthropometrics; fitness; self-efficacy

Improved anthropometrics; increased fitness; increased self-efficacy

Schleider (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Connectedness

Agency and resilience

3 months

Agency; anxiety; cognition; depression; hopelessness; fatigue; trauma; restricted eating

Increased agency; decreased depression; decreased hopelessness; decreased restrictive eating

Gulesci (RCT)

Health and nutrition

Safety and support

7 months

Income; soft skills; violence

Increased income; decreased violence

Cruwys (RCT)

Health and nutrition

12 months

Depression; loneliness; well-being

Decreased depression; decreased loneliness; increased well-being

  1. 1Well-being domain according to Ross et al.’s Adolescent well-being: a definition and conceptual framework
  2. 2Effect deemed significant when at least p < 0.05 in comparison with control