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Table 3 Number of deaths and adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of cause-specific mortality according to preserved vegetable consumption

From: Preserved vegetable consumption and its association with mortality among 440,415 people in the China Kadoorie Biobank

Causes of death

Never/rarely

Monthly

1–3 days/week

Regularly (≥4 days/week)

P for trend

P nonlinearity

No. of deaths

HR (95% CI)a

No. of deaths

HR (95% CI)a

No. of deaths

HR (95% CI)a

No. of deaths

HR (95% CI)a

Ischemic heart disease

845

1

1271

1.06 (0.96–1.18)

1056

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

776

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

0.402

 

Ischemic stroke

271

1

392

1.04 (0.86–1.26)

298

1.01 (0.82–1.25)

235

1.02 (0.81–1.28)

0.939

 

Hemorrhagic stroke

522

1

1039

1.09 (0.97–1.23)

1291

1.32 (1.17–1.50)

690

1.15 (1.00–1.31)

0.006

<0.001

Other CVDs

509

1

752

1.11 (0.97–1.26)

551

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

426

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

0.992

 

Stomach cancer

251

1

331

0.99 (0.83–1.19)

384

1.05 (0.87–1.27)

401

1.04 (0.86–1.26)

0.567

 

Esophageal cancer

291

1

309

0.96 (0.81–1.14)

162

0.97 (0.77–1.23)

255

1.45 (1.17–1.81)

0.002

0.009

Colorectal cancer

115

1

241

1.24 (0.97–1.58)

228

1.18 (0.92–1.51)

175

1.00 (0.77–1.31)

0.758

 

Digestive tract cancer

657

1

881

1.03 (0.92–1.15)

774

1.06 (0.94–1.20)

831

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

0.053

0.879

Non-digestive tract cancer

1314

1

2153

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

2063

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

1719

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

0.998

 

Lung cancer

449

1

792

0.96 (0.84–1.09)

753

1.01 (0.89–1.15)

632

0.97 (0.84–1.11)

0.950

 

Liver cancer

311

1

469

0.96 (0.82–1.13)

455

1.09 (0.92–1.29)

331

0.91 (0.76–1.10)

0.683

 

All other non-digestive cancers

554

1

892

0.97 (0.86–1.08)

855

1.01 (0.89–1.14)

756

1.00 (0.88–1.14)

0.757

 

COPD

207

1

429

1.05 (0.86–1.29)

428

0.97 (0.79–1.20)

288

1.03 (0.82–1.28)

0.897

 

All respiratory diseases

302

1

607

1.20 (1.01–1.42)

539

1.06 (0.89–1.26)

395

1.13 (0.94–1.36)

0.591

 

Other major chronic diseases

405

1

624

0.98 (0.85–1.14)

570

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

387

0.87 (0.74–1.03)

0.182

 

Transport accidents

149

1

333

0.98 (0.80–1.21)

315

1.00 (0.80–1.25)

204

0.87 (0.68–1.11)

0.305

 

All other causes

475

1

857

1.03 (0.91–1.17)

723

1.03 (0.89–1.18)

424

0.97 (0.83–1.14)

0.741

 
  1. CI Confidence interval, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVD Cardiovascular disease, HR Hazard ratio
  2. aAnalyses were stratified by age-at-risk (5-year intervals), sex, and study area (10 regions) and adjusted for marital status (never married, married, divorced/separated, or widowed), body mass index (in kg/m2; continuous), household income (in yuan/year; <10,000, 10,000–19,999, 20,000–34,999, or ≥35,000), survey season, highest education level (no formal school, primary school, middle or high school, or college and above), physical activity (MET-h/wk), smoking (non-smoker, occasional smoker, ever-smoker, or current smoker), alcohol drinking (non-drinker, occasional drinker, ever-drinker, or current drinker), family history of cancer (yes or no), family history of CVD (yes or no), intakes of red meat, poultry, eggs, fish, soybeans, fruit, dairy (never/rarely, monthly, 1–3 days/week, or regularly), and fresh vegetables (daily or less than daily) at baseline
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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