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Table 2 Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for postpartum psychiatric disorders within 90 days after delivery according to rheumatoid arthritis before childbirth, and stratified by a personal history of psychiatric disorders

From: Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of postpartum psychiatric disorders: a Nordic population-based cohort study

Outcome

Exposure

No

%

Incidence rate

Crude model

Adjusted model a

P-value for the interaction b

(per 1000 person-years)

HRs (95% CI)

HRs (95% CI)

All births

 Overall PPD

Unexposed to RA

38,790

1.1

45.3

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

< 0.001

Exposed to RA

150

1.8

73.5

1.62 (1.38, 1.90)

1.39 (1.18, 1.64)

 Postpartum depression

Unexposed to RA

15,548

0.4

18

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.02

Exposed to RA

63

0.8

30.6

1.69 (1.32, 2.17)

1.37 (1.07, 1.77)

 Other psychiatric disorders postpartum

Unexposed to RA

19,396

0.6

22.6

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.18

Exposed to RA

87

1

42.1

1.86 (1.50, 2.30)

1.66 (1.34, 2.05)

Births by women without a history of psychiatric disorders

 Overall PPD

Unexposed to RA

15,374

0.5

19.5

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

 

Exposed to RA

57

0.8

32.2

1.66 (1.28, 2.15)

1.52 (1.17, 1.98)

 

 Postpartum depression

Unexposed to RA

5678

0.2

7.2

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

 

Exposed to RA

23

0.3

13

1.81 (1.20, 2.72)

1.65 (1.09, 2.48)

 

 Other psychiatric disorders postpartum

Unexposed to RA

8675

0.3

11

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

 

Exposed to RA

34

0,5

19.2

1.75 (1.25, 2.45)

1.59 (1.13, 2.24)

 

Births by women with a history of psychiatric disorders

 Overall PPD

Unexposed to RA

23,416

8

346.6

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

 

Exposed to RA

93

7.8

339.6

0.98 (0.80, 1.20)

0.88 (0.72, 1.09)

 

 Postpartum depression

Unexposed to RA

9870

3.4

140.7

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

 

Exposed to RA

40

3.4

140.5

1 (0.73, 1.36)

0.84 (0.60, 1.15)

 

 Other psychiatric disorders postpartum

Unexposed to RA

10,721

3.7

158.7

1.00 (Ref.)

1.00 (Ref.)

 

Exposed to RA

53

4.4

190

1.2 (0.91, 1.57)

1.15 (0.88, 1.51)

 
  1. HRs hazard ratios, CI confidence interval, No. number, PPD postpartum psychiatric disorders, RA rheumatoid arthritis, Ref. reference
  2. aAdjusted for maternal age at delivery, calendar year of childbirth, parity, maternal highest education levels at delivery, and maternal marital status at delivery
  3. bP-values correspond to the interaction between RA and a history of psychiatric disorders
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