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Table 4 The estimated results of robust test

From: Identifying the causal effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and ground surface ozone on individual medical costs in China—evidence from a representative longitudinal nationwide cohort

Variables

Total medical fees

Trimmed 1%

Up limit 100,000 RMB

Non-hospitalization medical costs

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

PM2.5

198.836*

-

484.622*

-

238.334*

-

 

(85.367)

-

(188.291)

-

(93.762)

-

PM2.5_residual

 − 220.51*

-

 − 528.834**

-

 − 258.637**

-

 

(87.291)

-

(187.738)

-

(93.031)

-

Ground surface ozone

-

72.748*

-

175.289*

-

92.122*

 

-

(36.066)

-

(73.091)

-

(35.984)

Ozone_residual

-

 − 64.072

-

 − 141.464

-

 − 80.904*

 

-

(38.052)

-

(76.652)

-

(36.320)

Other control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year dummy

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Correlated random effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N

26,133

26,133

26,784

26,784

26,784

26,784

  1. Note: (1) Standard errors in parentheses; (2) Other control variables include a set of covariates; (3) Correlated random effects: a linear combination of endogenous variables, instrumental variables and covariates; (4) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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