Fig. 4

TAS1R3 deficiency modulates the intestinal genome-wide transcriptome. a PCA of the ileal transcriptome (n = 6 mice/group). Each point represents an individual mouse. b DEGs between Tas1r3^−/− and Tas1r3^+/+ mice in the ND (yellow) and WD (pink) groups. c Scatter plots of significantly DEGs between Tas1r3^+/+ and Tas1r3^−/− mice after adjusting for DEGs with ND in the WD group. d Hierarchical clustering and heatmap of up- and downregulated DEGs. Significance [|fold-change|≥ 2, FDR ≤ 0.01] was calculated using Student’s t-test. e and f Seven hundred and nineteen DEGs were subjected to DAVID GO enrichment analysis using Cytoscape with the Enrichment Map plugin. Red or blue nodes and rings represent the top four enriched GO biological pathways for the up- and downregulated genes, respectively. GO pathways with similar functions were clustered together and marked with circles and labels. g Gene set enrichment analysis. h Lipin1 and i Pparg mRNA expression in the small intestine (n = 6 mice/group). j PPAR signaling pathway gene signature. Genes were ordered by fold-change in descending order from left to right. DEGs enriched in hallmark gene sets are shown in the heatmap. Data represent means ± standard errors of the mean. ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001 (analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test). DEG, differentially expressed gene; FDR, false discovery rate; GO, Gene Ontology; ND, normal diet; PCA, principal component analysis; TAS1R3, taste receptor type 1 member 3; WD, Western diet