Fig. 4

Exosomes secreted by adipose tissues can be taken up by CMECs and improve cardiac function in DCM. A Representative images of primary cardiac microvascular endothelial cells treated with NG + vehicle or HG + PA. Scale bar = 100 μm. B Representative transmission electron microscopy images of exosomes. Scale bar = 200 nm (left) and 100 nm (right). C Representative Western blot images of exosomes protein markers (positive: TSG101, CD9, and CD81; negative: Calnexin). D–E Representative size distribution of exosomes detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis. CF, cumulative frequencies. F Representative Western blot images of Adipsin levels in exosomes derived from serum and adipose tissue. G Representative immunofluorescence images of exosomes uptake. Scale bar = 50 μm. H Schematic illustration of experimental procedure. Mice were injected with exosomes isolated from adipose tissue of donor mice via tail veins. I Representative echocardiographic images of cardiac diastolic function. J Quantitative analysis of E/A ratio. K Representative echocardiographic images of cardiac systolic function. L Quantitative analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis