Fig. 1

PTPN22 expression is increased in aortic valves from CAVD patients. The aortic valves were collected from CAVD and non-CAVD patients. A-B Volcano plot and transcriptome sequencing analysis of the non-CAVD and CAVD groups indicated that PTPN22 expression is upregulated in tissue from CAVD patients. n = 3. C H&E, Masson’s trichrome, and Von Kossa staining for calcified valve leaflets. Scale bar = 200 μM. D Immunofluorescent staining of PTPN22 (red) in tissue (DAPI: blue, vimentin: green). n = 4. Scale bar = 100 μM. E-F The protein expression of PTPN22 in tissue was detected by immunoblotting. n = 6. G-H Human AVICs were stimulated with OM for different time periods. PTPN22 protein expression in human AVICs was detected by immunoblotting. n = 4. I-J Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect PTPN22 (red) expression in different mouse models of CAVD (DAPI: blue, WGA: green). n = 5. Scale bar = 50 μM. All data are shown as means ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01