Table 2 All-cause and cause-specific mortality (lifetime abstainer as reference group) according to alcohol consumption status among NHIS participants in 1997 to 2014

All-cause

 Deaths

40,479

12,727

23,551

17,031

26,053

14,977

6694

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.15 (1.11–1.19)

1.28 (1.24–1.31)

0.90 (0.87–0.93)

0.73 (0.71–0.75)

0.80 (0.78–0.83)

1.27 (1.21–1.33)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

1.08 (1.05–1.11)

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.77 (0.75–0.79)

0.82 (0.80–0.85)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

0.99 (0.96–1.03)

1.07 (1.04–1.10)

0.87 (0.84–0.90)

0.78 (0.75–0.80)

0.84 (0.81–0.87)

1.08 (1.03–1.13)

CVD

 Deaths

13,562

4041

7659

5216

7585

4242

1674

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.08 (1.02–1.15)

1.23 (1.17–1.29)

0.87 (0.82–0.91)

0.67 (0.64–0.71)

0.69 (0.65–0.73)

0.99 (0.91–1.08)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

0.97 (0.92–1.03)

1.08 (1.03–1.13)

0.86 (0.82–0.91)

0.76 (0.73–0.80)

0.78 (0.74–0.82)

0.94 (0.86–1.01)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

0.98 (0.92–1.04)

1.07 (1.02–1.13)

0.88 (0.83–0.92)

0.77 (0.73–0.81)

0.79 (0.75–0.84)

0.96 (0.89–1.05)

Cancer

 Deaths

8169

2792

5254

4156

6851

4072

1928

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.34 (1.25–1.44)

1.51 (1.42–1.60)

1.13 (1.06–1.21)

0.98 (0.93–1.04)

1.13 (1.06–1.21)

1.89 (1.73–2.06)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

1.15 (1.08–1.21)

0.95 (0.89–1.01)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

1.24 (1.14–1.34)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

1.06 (0.99–1.14)

1.14 (1.07–1.22)

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

0.88 (0.83–0.94)

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

1.28 (1.18–1.40)

Chronic lower respiratory tract diseases

 Deaths

2030

865

1675

1058

1323

840

455

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.65 (1.45–1.87)

2.00 (1.80–2.22)

1.15 (1.02–1.29)

0.77 (0.69–0.87)

0.94 (0.83–1.07)

1.78 (1.53–2.07)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

0.99 (0.88–1.12)

1.09 (0.98–1.21)

0.88 (0.77–0.99)

0.68 (0.60–0.76)

0.78 (0.68–0.90)

0.95 (0.81–1.10)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

0.98 (0.85–1.12)

1.08 (0.96–1.21)

0.87 (0.76–0.99)

0.67 (0.59–0.77)

0.78 (0.67–0.89)

0.96 (0.82–1.12)

Accidents and injuries

 Deaths

1331

425

725

685

1312

697

397

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.08 (0.89–1.31)

1.15 (0.99–1.34)

0.79 (0.67–0.93)

0.86 (0.74–0.99)

0.85 (0.73–1.00)

1.70 (1.39–2.08)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.04 (0.90–1.20)

0.85 (0.72–0.99)

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

0.90 (0.77–1.06)

1.48 (1.22–1.80)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

0.96 (0.79–1.16)

0.99 (0.85–1.16)

0.78 (0.66–0.92)

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

0.87 (0.74–1.02)

1.34 (1.09–1.65)

Alzheimer’s disease

 Deaths

1730

448

715

517

782

442

142

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.04 (0.89–1.21)

0.96 (0.84–1.09)

0.74 (0.64–0.86)

0.71 (0.62–0.82)

0.88 (0.75–1.04)

0.73 (0.49–1.09)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

1.05 (0.90–1.23)

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.76 (0.65–0.88)

0.68 (0.59–0.78)

0.83 (0.69–0.99)

0.84 (0.70–1.00)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

1.01 (0.86–1.19)

0.92 (0.80–1.05)

0.73 (0.63–0.85)

0.69 (0.60–0.79)

0.84 (0.70–1.00)

0.85 (0.68–1.08)

Diabetes mellitus

 Deaths

1574

504

927

591

747

364

138

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.16 (0.98–1.38)

1.39 (1.22–1.58)

0.86 (0.75–1.00)

0.46 (0.39–0.53)

0.41 (0.34–0.50)

0.59 (0.43–0.82)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

1.17 (1.02–1.33)

0.92 (0.79–1.08)

0.72 (0.61–0.84)

0.73 (0.60–0.88)

0.93 (0.66–1.29)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

1.16 (1.00–1.33)

0.93 (0.79–1.08)

0.70 (0.59–0.82)

0.72 (0.59–0.88)

0.90 (0.64–1.27)

Influenza and pneumonia

 Deaths

952

253

477

320

465

239

109

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

0.77 (0.61–0.96)

1.11 (0.94–1.30)

0.67 (0.55–0.82)

0.57 (0.48–0.67)

0.53 (0.43–0.67)

0.88 (0.62–1.25)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

0.73 (0.59–0.91)

0.98 (0.83–1.15)

0.69 (0.57–0.83)

0.63 (0.52–0.75)

0.58 (0.46–0.73)

0.80 (0.57–1.13)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

0.70 (0.55–0.88)

1.00 (0.84–1.19)

0.69 (0.56–0.84)

0.62 (0.52–0.74)

0.58 (0.46–0.74)

0.81 (0.56–1.16)

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis

 Deaths

895

284

474

330

428

184

97

 Person-years

2,798,158

635,930

1,029,426

1,572,351

3,444,244

1,551,492

572,793

 Model 1

1 (ref)

1.12 (0.92–1.37)

1.12 (0.94–1.34)

0.99 (0.81–1.22)

0.54 (0.44–0.65)

0.48 (0.37–0.62)

0.87 (0.61–1.23)

 Model 2

1 (ref)

0.98 (0.81–1.17)

0.95 (0.80–1.12)

1.02 (0.84–1.23)

0.66 (0.54–0.81)

0.62 (0.48–0.79)

0.98 (0.71–1.36)

 2-yr lag model

1 (ref)

1.01 (0.82–1.23)

0.97 (0.81–1.17)

1.07 (0.87–1.32)

0.69 (0.56–0.84)

0.65 (0.50–0.84)

1.04 (0.73–1.47)