Table 1 Characteristics of the trajectory groups (N = 76,228)
Total population | Persistently low | Moderate | High in early pregnancy | High in mid-pregnancy | Persistently high | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 53,164 | 17,319 | 3178 | 1461 | 1106 | ||
Maternal characteristics | |||||||
Maternal age, mean (SD) | 31.3 (5.1) | 31.3 (5.0) | 31.5 (5.1) | 31.9 (5.1) | 31.5 (5.2) | 31.8 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
Maternal BMI, n (%) | |||||||
Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 50,369 (66.1%) | 36,532 (68.7%) | 10,515 (60.7%) | 2007 (63.2%) | 856 (58.6%) | 459 (41.5%) | < 0.001 |
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 2215 (2.9%) | 1619 (3.0%) | 424 (2.4%) | 108 (3.4%) | 36 (2.5%) | 28 (2.5%) | |
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 16,072 (21.1%) | 10,456 (19.7%) | 4209 (24.3%) | 690 (21.7%) | 349 (23.9%) | 368 (33.3%) | |
Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 6158 (8.1%) | 3611 (6.8%) | 1810 (10.5%) | 316 (9.9%) | 185 (12.7%) | 236 (21.3%) | |
Missing | 1414 (1.9%) | 946 (1.8%) | 361 (2.1%) | 57 (1.8%) | 35 (2.4%) | 15 (1.4%) | |
Maternal birth region, n (%) | |||||||
Nordic | 56,517 (74.1%) | 41,104 (77.3%) | 11,827 (68.3%) | 2171 (68.3%) | 885 (60.6%) | 530 (47.9%) | < 0.001 |
Europe | 4567 (6.0%) | 3159 (5.9%) | 1074 (6.2%) | 188 (5.9%) | 92 (6.3%) | 54 (4.9%) | |
Africa | 3712 (4.9%) | 1979 (3.7%) | 1188 (6.9%) | 232 (7.3%) | 145 (9.9%) | 168 (15.2%) | |
Asia | 9331 (12.2%) | 5511 (10.4%) | 2731 (15.8%) | 501 (15.8%) | 286 (19.6%) | 302 (27.3%) | |
Other | 2094 (2.7%) | 1405 (2.6%) | 499 (2.9%) | 86 (2.7%) | 52 (3.6%) | 52 (4.7%) | |
Missing | 7 (< 1%) | 6 (0.01%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 5 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Maternal psychiatric history, n (%) | 7898 (10.4%) | 5460 (10.3%) | 1834 (10.6%) | 315 (9.9%) | 156 (10.7%) | 133 (12.0%) | 0.23 |
Maternal education level, n (%) | |||||||
Pre-high school | 8066 (10.6%) | 5220 (9.8%) | 2066 (11.9%) | 351 (11.0%) | 222 (15.2%) | 207 (18.7%) | < 0.001 |
High school | 24,484 (32.1%) | 16,743 (31.5%) | 5748 (33.2%) | 1088 (34.2%) | 489 (33.5%) | 416 (37.6%) | |
Post-high school | 43,232 (56.7%) | 30,896 (58.1%) | 9398 (54.3%) | 1720 (54.1%) | 742 (50.8%) | 476 (43.0%) | |
Missing | 446 (0.6%) | 305 (0.6%) | 107 (0.6%) | 19 (0.6%) | 8 (0.5%) | 7 (0.6%) | |
Parity, n (%) | |||||||
Nulliparous | 35,490 (46.6%) | 25,015 (47.1%) | 8079 (46.6%) | 1240 (39.0%) | 667 (45.7%) | 489 (44.2%) | < 0.001 |
1 | 27,995 (36.7%) | 19,665 (37.0%) | 6224 (35.9%) | 1264 (39.8%) | 489 (33.5%) | 353 (31.9%) | |
≥ 2 | 12,743 (16.7%) | 8484 (16.0%) | 3016 (17.4%) | 674 (21.2%) | 305 (20.9%) | 264 (23.9%) | |
GDM, n (%) | 219 (0.3%) | 15 (0.03%) | 42 (0.2%) | 24 (0.8%) | 36 (2.5%) | 102 (9.2%) | < 0.001 |
RGWG-T2, mean (SD) | 0.58 (0.27) | 0.57 (0.27) | 0.58 (0.29) | 0.56 (0.29) | 0.58 (0.30) | 0.58 (0.33) | < 0.001 |
RGWG-T3, mean (SD) | 0.52 (0.24) | 0.52 (0.24) | 0.54 (0.24) | 0.50 (0.24) | 0.52 (0.25) | 0.55 (0.29) | < 0.001 |
Total GWG z-scores, mean (SD) | 0.09 (1.02) | 0.07 (1.02) | 0.16 (1.03) | − 0.00 (1.02) | 0.10 (1.09) | 0.22 (1.18) | < 0.001 |
Antidiabetic treatment, n (%) | |||||||
No treatment | 76,094 (99.8%) | 53,132 (99.9%) | 17,294 (99.9%) | 3162 (99.5%) | 1451 (99.3%) | 1055 (95.4%) | < 0.001 |
≤ 20 wkGA | 53 (0.1%) | 30 (0.1%) | 8 (0.05%) | 10 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (0.5%) | |
> 20–28 wkGA | 6 (< 1%) | < 5 (0.002%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 5 (0.1%) | < 5 (0.1%) | < 5 (0.2%) | |
> 28–34 wkGA | 36 (< 1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (0.03%) | < 5 (0.1%) | 6 (0.4%) | 23 (2.1%) | |
> 34 wkGA | 39 (0.1%) | < 5 (0.002%) | 12 (0.1%) | < 5 (0.1%) | < 5 (0.2%) | 21 (1.9%) | |
The earliest OGTT, n (%) | |||||||
No OGTT | 74,104 (97.2%) | 52,371 (98.5%) | 16,667 (96.2%) | 2954 (93.0%) | 1276 (87.3%) | 836 (75.6%) | < 0.001 |
≤ 20 wkGA | 289 (0.4%) | 81 (0.2%) | 49 (0.3%) | 129 (4.1%) | 8 (0.5%) | 22 (2.0%) | |
> 20–28 wkGA | 513 (0.7%) | 172 (0.3%) | 132 (0.8%) | 36 (1.1%) | 125 (8.6%) | 48 (4.3%) | |
> 28–34 wkGA | 971 (1.3%) | 416 (0.8%) | 317 (1.8%) | 44 (1.4%) | 48 (3.3%) | 146 (13.2%) | |
> 34 wkGA | 351 (0.5%) | 124 (0.2%) | 154 (0.9%) | 15 (0.5%) | < 5 (0.3%) | 54 (4.9%) | |
Gestational hypertensive diseases, n (%) | 3742 (4.9%) | 2525 (4.7%) | 853 (4.9%) | 157 (4.9%) | 106 (7.3%) | 101 (9.1%) | < 0.001 |
Mode of delivery, n (%) | |||||||
Unassisted vaginal delivery | 47,417 (62.2%) | 33,727 (63.4%) | 10,340 (59.7%) | 1954 (61.5%) | 838 (57.4%) | 558 (50.5%) | < 0.001 |
Induced vaginal delivery | 7046 (9.2%) | 4855 (9.1%) | 1595 (9.2%) | 315 (9.9%) | 148 (10.1%) | 133 (12.0%) | |
Assisted vaginal delivery | 7061 (9.3%) | 4894 (9.2%) | 1646 (9.5%) | 279 (8.8%) | 137 (9.4%) | 105 (9.5%) | |
Elective cesarean section | 7664 (10.1%) | 5141 (9.7%) | 1879 (10.8%) | 333 (10.5%) | 169 (11.6%) | 142 (12.8%) | |
Emergency cesarean section | 7040 (9.2%) | 4547 (8.6%) | 1859 (10.7%) | 297 (9.3%) | 169 (11.6%) | 168 (15.2%) | |
Long labor time, n (%) | 1746 (2.3%) | 1156 (2.2%) | 449 (2.6%) | 66 (2.1%) | 39 (2.7%) | 36 (3.3%) | 0.002 |
Obstructed labor, n (%) | 704 (0.9%) | 416 (0.8%) | 208 (1.2%) | 36 (1.1%) | 19 (1.3%) | 25 (2.3%) | < 0.001 |
Children’s characteristics | |||||||
Child’s sex, n (%) | |||||||
Male | 39,281 (51.5%) | 27,328 (51.4%) | 8978 (51.8%) | 1625 (51.1%) | 734 (50.2%) | 616 (55.7%) | 0.043 |
Female | 36,947 (48.5%) | 25,836 (48.6%) | 8341 (48.2%) | 1553 (48.9%) | 727 (49.8%) | 490 (44.3%) | |
Gestational week at birth, n (%) | |||||||
Preterm (< 37 weeks) | 2544 (3.3%) | 1759 (3.3%) | 531 (3.1%) | 117 (3.7%) | 69 (4.7%) | 68 (6.1%) | < 0.001 |
Term (37– < 42 weeks) | 68,870 (90.3%) | 48,062 (90.4%) | 15,677 (90.5%) | 2853 (89.8%) | 1305 (89.3%) | 973 (88.0%) | |
Post-term (≥ 42 weeks) | 4814 (6.3%) | 3343 (6.3%) | 1111 (6.4%) | 208 (6.5%) | 87 (6.0%) | 65 (5.9%) | |
Neonatal birth trauma, n (%) | 1322 (1.7%) | 817 (1.5%) | 380 (2.2%) | 66 (2.1%) | 28 (1.9%) | 31 (2.8%) | < 0.001 |
Size for gestational age, n (%) | |||||||
AGA | 72,382 (95.0%) | 50,740 (95.4%) | 16,312 (94.2%) | 3000 (94.4%) | 1350 (92.4%) | 980 (88.6%) | < 0.001 |
SGA | 1493 (2.0%) | 1085 (2.0%) | 287 (1.7%) | 73 (2.3%) | 32 (2.2%) | 16 (1.4%) | |
LGA | 2223 (2.9%) | 1254 (2.4%) | 684 (3.9%) | 98 (3.1%) | 78 (5.3%) | 109 (9.9%) | |
Missing | 130 (0.2%) | 85 (0.2%) | 36 (0.2%) | 7 (0.2%) | < 5 (0.1%) | < 5 (0.1%) | |
Macrosomia (birthweight > 4500 g), n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 2328 (3.1%) | 1380 (2.6%) | 701 (4.0%) | 108 (3.4%) | 61 (4.2%) | 78 (7.1%) | < 0.001 |
Missing | 130 (0.2%) | 85 (0.2%) | 36 (0.2%) | 7 (0.2%) | < 5 (0.1%) | < 5 (0.1%) | |
Apgar score at 5-min < 7, n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 503 (0.7%) | 327 (0.6%) | 134 (0.8%) | 20 (0.6%) | 11 (0.8%) | 11 (1.0%) | 0.10 |
Missing | 241 (0.3%) | 160 (0.3%) | 62 (0.4%) | 15 (0.5%) | < 5 (0.2%) | < 5 (0.1%) | |
Neonatal hypoglycemia, n (%) | 1637 (2.1%) | 993 (1.9%) | 433 (2.5%) | 101 (3.2%) | 39 (2.7%) | 71 (6.4%) | < 0.001 |
Children’s NDCs, n (%) | |||||||
Any NDCs | 2890 (3.8%) | 1929 (3.6%) | 709 (4.1%) | 132 (4.2%) | 65 (4.4%) | 55 (5.0%) | 0.004 |
Any autism | 1465 (1.9%) | 997 (1.9%) | 352 (2.0%) | 66 (2.1%) | 30 (2.1%) | 20 (1.8%) | 0.64 |
Any ID | 404 (0.5%) | 260 (0.5%) | 104 (0.6%) | 26 (0.8%) | 9 (0.6%) | 5 (0.5%) | 0.066 |
Any ADHD | 1758 (2.3%) | 1160 (2.2%) | 436 (2.5%) | 84 (2.6%) | 38 (2.6%) | 40 (3.6%) | 0.001 |
Autism only | 820 (1.1%) | 571 (1.1%) | 188 (1.1%) | 30 (0.9%) | 19 (1.3%) | 12 (1.1%) | 0.87 |
ADHD only | 1238 (1.6%) | 809 (1.5%) | 318 (1.8%) | 51 (1.6%) | 29 (2.0%) | 31 (2.8%) | < 0.001 |
Autism and ADHD | 428 (0.6%) | 289 (0.5%) | 99 (0.6%) | 25 (0.8%) | 8 (0.5%) | 7 (0.6%) | 0.49 |