Table 1 Main results of the MR analysis
Exposures Outcomes | nSNPs | Method | β (95%CI) | SE | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 vs. general population | |||||
 Thickness of caudal middle frontal gyrus | 28 | IVW | − 0.0044 (− 0.0087, − 0.0002) | 0.0022 | 0.0412 |
Hospitalized COVID-19 vs. general population | |||||
 Thickness of lateral orbitofrontal gyrus | 26 | IVW | − 0.0049 (− 0.0093, − 0.0004) | 0.0023 | 0.0328 |
 Surface area of middle temporal gyrus | 26 | IVW | − 10.8855 (− 20.5067, − 1.2642) | 4.9088 | 0.0266 |
Hospitalized COVID-19 vs. non-hospitalized COVID-19 | |||||
 Thickness of rostral middle frontal gyrus | 20 | IVW | − 0.0022 (− 0.0037, − 0.0008) | 0.0008 | 0.0032 |
Severe COVID-19 vs. general population | |||||
 Thickness of cuneus | 39 | IVW | − 0.0024 (− 0.0043, − 0.0004) | 0.0010 | 0.0168 |
 Volume of hippocampus | 36 | IVW | − 15.9127 (− 26.2067, − 5.6188) | 5.2520 | 0.0024 |
Severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure vs. general population | |||||
 Thickness of rostral middle frontal gyrus | 14 | IVW | − 0.0014 (− 0.0025, − 0.0002) | 0.0006 | 0.0190 |
 Thickness of caudal middle frontal gyrus | 14 | IVW | − 0.0017 (− 0.0032, − 0.0002) | 0.0008 | 0.0244 |
 Surface area of pericalcarine | 14 | IVW | − 2.6628 (− 5.3167, − 0.0089) | 1.3540 | 0.0492 |
 Surface area of superior parietal gyrus | 14 | IVW | − 5.6310 (− 11.0270, − 0.2348) | 2.7532 | 0.0408 |
Critical COVID-19 vs. general population | |||||
 Thickness of middle temporal gyrus | 92 | IVW | − 0.0002 (− 0.0003, 0) | 0.0001 | 0.0462 |
 Surface area of middle temporal gyrus | 92 | IVW | − 0.5261 (− 0.9793, − 0.0729) | 0.2312 | 0.0229 |
 Surface area of parahippocampal gyrus | 92 | IVW | − 0.1473 (− 0.2802, − 0.0145) | 0.0678 | 0.0297 |
 Surface area of insula | 92 | IVW | 0.3832 (0.1192, 0.6472) | 0.1347 | 0.0044 |