Fig. 1

Blood CSF1R and DEGs related to brain development were decreased in FES patients. (A) A volcano plot highlights 28 blood DEGs in FES patients versus HCs. Genes with FDR < 0.01 are colored (n = 128 + 111). See also Additional file 1: Table S2. (B) Venn diagram illustrates the 28 DEGs that are annotated to be associated with human brain structural development in GeneWeaver. (C) PPI analysis shows functional interactions among the 28 DEGs, with confidence threshold = 0.4 and cluster k-means = 3. The 3 clusters are coloured differently, with the hub gene in each cluster highlighted in red color and bold at each triangular tip. Line between nodes features the type/strength of an interaction according to annotations in String v11. (D) A chord plot shows top 6 overrepresented GO-BP subontology for the 28 DEGs associated with brain development. Genes are ordered according to the observed Log2FC and linked to their assigned terms via coloured ribbons. See also Additional file 1: Table S3 for pathway analysis. (E) CSF1R mRNA level (n = 128 + 111). (F) CSF1R protein level (n = 126 + 102). Data presented as mean ± SEM; * p < 0.05 (ANCOVA), ** FDR < 0.01. CSF1R: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; DEGs: differentially expressed genes; FES: First episode schizophrenia; HCs: healthy controls; PPI: protein–protein interaction