Fig. 4

DCA for AutoML, PSA, fPSA/tPSA, and SOC in an internal validation cohort and two prospective cohorts, Chinghai and Zhongdu. a DCA shows that AutoML presented the highest net benefit across all threshold probabilities for PCa. The horizontal gray‒green lines parallel to the x-axis represent no patient undergoing a biopsy (Treat None). The red line indicates that all the patients will have PCa (Treat All). b AutoML outperformed PSA, fPSA/tPSA, and SOC in net reduction per 100 patient interventions at all thresholds. DCA, decision curve analysis; AutoML, automated machine learning; PSA, prostate cancer-specific antigen; fPSA/tPSA, free PSA/total PSA; SOC, standard of care