Table 2 AUC results using 4 algorithms, PSA and fPSA/fPSA in the validation cohort

LR

0.816 (0.78–0.85)

0.793 (0.75–0.83)

0.848 (0.80–0.90)

RF

0.779 (0.74–0.81)

0.766 (0.72–0.81)

0.844 (0.79–0.90)

XGBoost

0.795 (0.76–0.83)

0.763 (0.71–0.81)

0.817 (0.76–0.87)

AutoML

0.820 (0.79–0.85)

0.807 (0.76–0.85)

0.850 (0.80–0.89)

PSA

0.616 (0.57–0.66)

0.593 (0.54–0.65)

0.583 (0.51–0.65)

fPSA/PSA

0.675 (0.63–0.72)

0.675 (0.62–0.73)

0.738 (0.67–0.80)