Table 2 Baseline characteristics stratified by types of VHD
Variables | AS (n = 328) | AR (n = 780) | MS (n = 320) | MR (n = 1677) | TR (n = 1085) | MVHD (n = 1814) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yrs | 64.38 ± 11.32 | 60.54 ± 14.23 | 55.81 ± 11.09 | 61.38 ± 12.65 | 62.75 ± 16.81 | 63.64 ± 13.02 | < 0.001 |
Male sex | 196 (59.8) | 606 (77.7) | 96 (30.0) | 1029 (61.4) | 515 (47.5) | 971 (53.5) | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.06 ± 3.31 | 24.00 ± 3.39 | 23.44 ± 3.28 | 23.98 ± 3.64 | 23.19 ± 4.13 | 23.15 ± 3.64 | < 0.001 |
Current smoker | 62 (18.9) | 173 (22.2) | 26 (8.1) | 366 (21.8) | 122 (11.2) | 236 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 138 (42.1) | 442 (56.7) | 63 (19.7) | 793 (47.3) | 463 (42.7) | 758 (41.8) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 79 (24.1) | 143 (18.3) | 46 (14.4) | 273 (16.3) | 107 (9.9) | 177 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 45 (13.7) | 77 (9.9) | 23 (7.2) | 327 (19.5) | 166 (15.3) | 289 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | 116 (35.4) | 294 (37.7) | 48 (15) | 791 (47.2) | 342 (31.5) | 606 (33.4) | < 0.001 |
Prior MI | 18 (5.5) | 64 (8.2) | 6 (1.9) | 313 (18.7) | 98 (9.0) | 180 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
Prior PCI | 26 (7.9) | 110 (14.1) | 11 (3.4) | 375 (22.4) | 131 (12.1) | 194 (10.7) | < 0.001 |
Prior CABG | 10 (3.0) | 17 (2.2) | 6 (1.9) | 60 (3.6) | 31 (2.9) | 35 (1.9) | 0.050 |
Cardiomyopathy | 4 (1.2) | 28 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 287 (17.1) | 79 (7.3) | 223 (12.3) | < 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 21 (6.4) | 72 (9.2) | 145 (45.3) | 367 (21.9) | 408 (37.6) | 787 (43.4) | < 0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | 16 (4.9) | 54 (6.9) | 6 (1.9) | 93 (5.5) | 130 (12.0) | 128 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
NYHA functional class | |||||||
I | 83 (25.3) | 300 (38.5) | 80 (25.0) | 493 (29.4) | 440 (40.6) | 372 (20.5) | < 0.001 |
II | 85 (25.9) | 258 (33.1) | 106 (33.1) | 363 (21.6) | 203 (18.7) | 349 (19.2) | |
III | 141 (43.0) | 177 (22.7) | 120 (37.5) | 558 (33.3) | 302 (27.8) | 733 (40.4) | |
IV | 19 (5.8) | 45 (5.8) | 14 (4.4) | 263 (15.7) | 140 (12.9) | 360 (19.8) | |
NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 891.55 (276.05–2670.50) | 508.75 (135.85–1925.00) | 646.05 (301.68–1251.75) | 1480.00 (486.10–3795.50) | 1331.00 (474.10–3425.75) | 2519.50 (1091.00–5825.75) | < 0.001 |
ln(NT-proBNP) | 6.74 ± 1.60 | 6.25 ± 1.76 | 6.42 ± 1.13 | 7.13 ± 1.61 | 7.09 ± 1.48 | 7.76 ± 1.33 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 133.37 ± 18.18 | 136.18 ± 18.73 | 134.34 ± 16.49 | 133.00 ± 20.09 | 133.67 ± 24.94 | 129.80 ± 20.28 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine, μmol/L | 76.00 (66.00–91.00) | 83.95 (72.00–98.00) | 75.00 (66.00–90.00) | 84.11 (70.00–102.00) | 80.80 (66.00–98.00) | 84.00 (70.00–103.00) | < 0.001 |
ln(Creatinine) | 4.36 ± 0.27 | 4.45 ± 0.30 | 4.34 ± 0.24 | 4.46 ± 0.35 | 4.41 ± 0.36 | 4.48 ± 0.37 | < 0.001 |
Albumin, g/dl | 4.11 ± 0.53 | 4.03 ± 0.49 | 4.18 ± 0.46 | 3.93 ± 0.51 | 3.91 ± 0.51 | 3.85 ± 0.50 | < 0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 16.30 (12.00–24.00) | 17.00 (11.73–26.00) | 19.00 (14.00–27.00) | 20.60 (14.00–33.0) | 18.80 (13.00–30.00) | 20.00 (14.00–33.00) | < 0.001 |
Total bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.68 (0.51–0.92) | 0.73 (0.56–0.99) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.81 (0.58–1.16) | 0.92 (0.66–1.36) | 1.00 (0.71–1.47) | < 0.001 |
Direct bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.22 (0.15–0.30) | 0.23 (0.16–0.32) | 0.25 (0.17–0.33) | 0.25 (0.17–0.39) | 0.31 (0.20–0.49) | 0.33 (0.22–0.54) | < 0.001 |
MELD-XI score | 9.44 (9.44–10.67) | 9.65 (9.44–11.49) | 9.58 (9.44–11.13) | 10.21 (9.44–12.22) | 10.40 (9.44–12.82) | 10.87 (9.44–13.45) | < 0.001 |
LA, mm | 39.93 ± 6.34 | 39.88 ± 6.42 | 51.25 ± 9.55 | 46.65 ± 8.55 | 41.00 ± 8.45 | 50.60 ± 9.85 | < 0.001 |
LVEDD, mm | 50.12 ± 7.36 | 60.42 ± 10.35 | 46.86 ± 5.05 | 59.04 ± 10.06 | 45.89 ± 8.88 | 57.01 ± 11.31 | < 0.001 |
LVEF, % | 61 (55–66) | 58 (50–62) | 61 (56–65) | 50 (35–60.7) | 59 (51–63) | 52 (38–60) | < 0.001 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 38 (11.6) | 63 (8.1) | 127 (39.7) | 492 (29.3) | 673 (62.0) | 1169 (64.4) | < 0.001 |
Severe VHD | 252 (76.8) | 289 (37.1) | 179 (55.9) | 525 (31.3) | 347 (32.0) | 1101 (60.7) | < 0.001 |
Valvular interventions | 227 (69.2) | 391 (50.1) | 251 (78.4) | 402 (24.0) | 108 (10.0) | 543 (29.9) | < 0.001 |
Etiology | |||||||
Primary | 328 (100.0) | 547 (73.8) | 320 (100.0) | 639 (39.1) | 355 (37.2) | 959 (54.0) | < 0.001 |
Rheumatic | 35 (10.7) | 47 (8.6) | 306 (95.6) | 120 (18.8) | 32 (9.0) | 394 (41.1) | |
Degenerative | 200 (61.0) | 376 (68.7) | 12 (3.8) | 346 (54.1) | 182 (51.3) | 425 (44.3) | |
Congenital | 87 (26.5) | 100 (18.3) | 1 (0.3) | 78 (12.2) | 129 (36.3) | 84 (8.8) | |
Others | 6 (1.8) | 24 (4.4) | 1 (0.3) | 95 (14.9) | 12 (3.4) | 56 (5.8) | |
Secondary | 0 (0.0) | 194 (26.2) | 0 (0.0) | 997 (60.9) | 600 (62.8) | 816 (46.0) | |
Ischemic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 382 (38.3) | 0 (0.0) | 204 (25.0) | |
Functional | 0 (0.0) | 194 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 608 (61.0) | 599 (99.8) | 610 (74.8) | |
Others | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | |
Medication use | |||||||
Diuretics | 249 (75.9) | 592 (75.9) | 275 (85.9) | 1308 (78.0) | 748 (68.9) | 1569 (86.5) | < 0.001 |
Beta-blockers | 209 (63.7) | 477 (61.2) | 153 (47.8) | 1117 (66.6) | 551 (50.8) | 1078 (59.4) | < 0.001 |
ACEI/ARB | 58 (17.7) | 325 (41.7) | 51 (15.9) | 821 (49.0) | 419 (38.6) | 762 (42.0) | < 0.001 |
Warfarin | 192 (58.5) | 378 (48.5) | 268 (83.8) | 448 (26.7) | 250 (23.0) | 746 (41.1) | < 0.001 |
Aspirin | 114 (34.8) | 313 (40.1) | 48 (15.0) | 820 (48.9) | 343 (31.6) | 565 (31.1) | < 0.001 |
P2Y12 inhibitors | 82 (25.0) | 199 (25.5) | 22 (6.9) | 589 (35.1) | 238 (21.9) | 392 (21.6) | < 0.001 |