Table 1 Characteristics of mothers-child pairs in total sample and stratified by maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OWO)
| Â | Total sample | Maternal OWO status | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Non-OWO | OWO | ||
Maternal characteristics | ||||
 N | 903 | 426 | 477 | - |
 Maternal age (years) | 28.28 (6.59) | 27.08 (6.54) | 29.35 (6.45) |  < 0.001 |
 Maternal race |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
  Black | 641 (71.0) | 280 (65.7) | 361 (75.7) |  |
  White | 51 (5.7) | 24 (5.6) | 27 (5.7) |  |
  Hispanic | 211 (23.4) | 122 (28.6) | 89 (18.7) |  |
 Maternal body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.95 (6.46) | 21.98 (2.01) | 31.40 (5.79) | - |
 Alcohol drinking during pregnancy | 75 (8.3) | 29 (7.0) | 46 (10.0) | 0.124 |
 Ever smoking during pregnancy | 164 (18.2) | 65 (15.3) | 99 (20.8) | 0.033 |
 Maternal education level (> high school) | 304 (33.7) | 150 (35.2) | 154 (32.3) | 0.346 |
Child’s characteristics | ||||
 Gender (male) | 478 (52.9) | 231 (54.2) | 247 (51.8) | 0.463 |
 Gestational age (weeks) | 38.62 (2.47) | 38.75 (2.13) | 38.47 (2.77) | 0.100 |
 Parity (> = 1 live birth) | 500 (55.4) | 203 (47.7) | 297 (62.3) |  < 0.001 |
 Birthweight (g) | 3128 (666) | 3115 (587) | 3140 (729) | 0.572 |
 OWO at age 1–18 yearsa | 571 (63.2) | 233 (54.7) | 338 (70.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Obesity at age 1–18 yearsb | 390 (43.2) | 155 (36.4) | 235 (49.3) |  < 0.001 |
 Obesity at age 2–5 years | 282 (31.2) | 108 (25.4) | 174 (36.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Obesity at age 6–11 years | 311 (34.4) | 111 (26.1) | 200 (41.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Obesity at age 12–18 years | 287 (31.8) | 101 (23.7) | 186 (39.0) |  < 0.001 |