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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population by the number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

From: Adverse childhood and adulthood experiences and risk of new-onset cardiovascular disease with consideration of social support: a prospective cohort study

Characteristics

Total

Number of ACEs indicators (N = 5836)

0 (n = 1137)

1 (n = 2095)

2 (n = 1388)

3 (n = 821)

 ≥ 4 (n = 395)

P valuea

Age, mean (SD), years

59.6 (8.2)

56.3 (8.3)

59.8 (7.9)

60.7 (8.0)

60.8 (8.2)

61.4 (7.9)

 < 0.001

Sex, n (%)

 Male

2901 (49.7)

486 (42.7)

1080 (51.6)

723 (52.1)

414 (50.4)

198 (50.1)

 < 0.001

 Female

2935 (50.3)

651 (57.3)

1015 (48.4)

665 (47.9)

407 (49.6)

197 (49.9)

 

Residential areab, n (%)

 Rural

4799 (82.2)

879 (77.3)

1677 (80.0)

1187 (85.6)

704 (85.7)

352 (89.1)

 < 0.001

 Urban

1036 (17.8)

258 (22.7)

418 (20.0)

200 (14.4)

117 (14.3)

43 (10.9)

 

Marital status

 Married

4972 (85.2)

995 (87.5)

1808 (86.3)

1166 (84.0)

681 (82.9)

322 (81.5)

0.003

 Other marital status

864 (14.8)

142 (12.5)

287 (13.7)

222 (16.0)

140 (17.1)

73 (18.5)

 

Educational levelb, n (%)

 No formal education

2288 (39.2)

315 (27.7)

737 (35.2)

599 (43.2)

417 (50.8)

220 (55.7)

 < 0.001e

 Primary school or below

1348 (23.1)

231 (20.3)

504 (24.1)

342 (24.7)

185 (22.5)

86 (21.8)

 

 Middle or high school

2079 (35.6)

548 (48.2)

804 (38.4)

429 (30.9)

213 (25.9)

85 (21.5)

 

 College or above

117 (2.0)

43 (3.8)

47 (2.2)

17 (1.2)

6 (0.7)

4 (1.0)

 

Smoking statusb, n (%)

 Nonsmoker

3509 (62.2)

770 (69.8)

1229 (60.6)

792 (59.3)

484 (60.9)

234 (61.3)

 < 0.001

 Former smoker

398 (7.1)

60 (5.4)

142 (7.0)

107 (8.0)

58 (7.3)

31 (8.1)

 

 Current smoker

1735 (30.8)

273 (24.8)

656 (32.4)

436 (32.7)

253 (31.8)

117 (30.6)

 

Alcohol consumptionb, n (%)

 Nondrinker

3399 (58.7)

705 (62.7)

1245 (59.9)

777 (56.2)

452 (55.3)

220 (56.0)

0.011

 Former drinker

504 (8.7)

92 (8.2)

176 (8.5)

115 (8.3)

84 (10.3)

37 (9.4)

 

 Current drinker

1891 (32.6)

328 (29.2)

656 (31.6)

490 (35.5)

281 (34.4)

136 (34.6)

 

Physical activity (≥ 3 × a week)b, n (%)

 Yes

4939 (84.6)

973 (85.6)

1786 (85.3)

1182 (85.2)

677 (82.5)

321 (81.3)

0.088

 No

897 (15.4)

164 (14.4)

309 (14.7)

206 (14.8)

144 (17.5)

74 (18.7)

 

Health conditions (yes)b, n (%)

 Diabetes

258 (4.5)

51 (4.6)

87 (4.2)

69 (5.1)

33 (4.1)

18 (4.6)

0.787

 Hypertension

1094 (19.0)

184 (16.4)

380 (18.4)

290 (21.1)

161 (19.8)

79 (20.3)

0.038

 Dyslipidemia

407 (7.2)

83 (7.5)

149 (7.3)

92 (6.8)

48 (6.0)

35 (9.1)

0.355

 Chronic kidney disease

333 (5.8)

40 (3.6)

99 (4.8)

97 (7.0)

58 (7.1)

39 (9.9)

 < 0.001

History of medication use (yes)b, n (%)

 Diabetes medications

181 (3.1)

30 (2.6)

64 (3.1)

45 (3.2)

25 (3.0)

17 (4.3)

0.587

 Hypertension medications

812 (13.9)

135 (11.9)

301 (14.4)

208 (15.0)

110 (13.4)

58 (14.7)

0.198

 Lipid-lowering therapy

213 (3.6)

38 (3.6)

79 (4.0)

49 (3.7)

29 (3.7)

18 (4.9)

0.836

BMIb, kg/m2, mean (SD)

23.6 (4.2)

23.9 (3.9)

23.8 (4.3)

23.4 (4.2)

23.3 (4.0)

22.9 (4.1)

 < 0.001

Blood pressureb, mm Hg, mean (SD)

 Systolic pressure

128.1 (21.4)

125.4 (18.6)

128.2 (21.3)

129.1 (21.2)

128.3 (21.3)

130.5 (25.7)

0.002

 Diastolic pressure

75.4 (11.9)

75.2 (11.6)

75.5 (11.7)

75.4 (12.1)

74.8 (12.1)

76.0 (12.2)

0.560

Depressive symptoms scorec, mean (SD)

7.8 (6.1)

6.5 (5.6)

7.1 (5.7)

8.2 (6.1)

9.4 (6.7)

10.61 (6.39)

 < 0.001

Adulthood social support, mean (SD)

0.4 (0.7)

0.4 (0.7)

0.3 (0.7)

0.4 (0.7)

0.4 (0.7)

0.4 (0.7)

0.021

Metabolic biomarkersd

 Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL mean (SD)

109.1 (34.1)

108.1 (32.2)

109.5 (36.9)

110.3 (33.3)

107.5 (27.7)

109.3 (39.2)

0.474

 HbA1c (%), mean (SD)

14.5 (2.3)

14.2 (2.1)

14.5 (2.3)

14.5 (2.2)

14.5 (2.5)

14.7 (2.6)

0.301

 Total Cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD),

192.6 (37.3)

191.4 (36.4)

193.0 (37.6)

193.1 (37.2)

191.1 (36.7)

195.9 (39.4)

0.364

 Triglyceride, mg/dL, median (IQR)

103.6 (77.9)

100.9 (79.7)

107.1 (82.3)

103.5 (71.7)

100.9 (82.3)

100.0 (81.4)

0.142

 High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL, mean (SD)

51.3 (15.3)

50.8 (15.0)

50.4 (15.5)

52.3 (15.6)

52.0 (15.2)

51.8 (14.5)

0.017

 Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL, mean (SD)

115.8 (34.1)

115.6 (32.9)

116.4 (34.5)

115.4 (33.8)

114.7 (34.1)

117.1 (36.9)

0.802

 hs-CRP, mg/L, median (IQR)

1.0 (1.4)

0.9 (1.5)

1.0 (1.4)

1.0 (1.4)

1.0 (1.6)

1.0 (1.4)

0.195

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD)

94.4 (14.0)

97.3 (14.5)

93.8 (13.6)

93.6 (14.4)

93.4 (13.3)

94.5 (13.3)

 < 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: ACEs Adverse childhood experiences, SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range (75th quartile minus 25th quartile), BMI Body mass index, hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
  2. aP value was based on the chi-square test for categorical data and analysis of variance or the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous data where appropriate
  3. bMissing data: 1 for the area of residence, 4 for educational level, 194 for smoking, 42 for drinking, 89 for diabetes, 70 for hypertension, 144 for dyslipidemia, 45 for kidney,38 for lipid-lowering therapy, 100 for BMI, 98 for systolic pressure, 91 for diastolic pressure, 69 for depressive symptoms scores
  4. cThe depressive symptoms score was measured by the 10-item Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression, ranging from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating a higher level of depressive symptoms severity
  5. dMeasured in the subpopulation of 4113 participants
  6. eUsing Fisher’s exact test in r × c contingency tables
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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