Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 159,222 participants by three plant-based diet indices
From: Plant-based diets, genetic predisposition and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Characteristics | Overall PDI | hPDI | uPDI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 (n = 29,542) | Quintile 5 (n = 28,808) | Quintile 1 (n = 33,921) | Quintile 5 (n = 31,175) | Quintile 1 (n = 32,351) | Quintile 5 (n = 31,201) | |
Age, mean (SD), years | 57.2 (8.0) | 58.2 (7.9) | 56.4 (8.3) | 58.7 (7.6) | 59.6 (7.4) | 55.5 (8.1) |
Male, n (%) | 15,980 (54.1) | 10,909 (37.9) | 19,288 (56.9) | 10,162 (32.6) | 13,762 (42.5) | 14,760 (47.3) |
Townsend Deprivation Index, median (IQR) | − 2.2 (− 3.6, 0.3) | − 2.5 (− 3.8, − 0.3) | − 2.3 (− 3.7, − 0.05) | − 2.3 (− 3.7, − 0.03) | − 2.4 (− 3.8, − 0.2) | − 2.3 (− 3.7, 0.1) |
Deprivation fifth, n (%) | ||||||
 First (least deprived) | 5321 (18.0) | 5908 (20.5) | 6611 (19.5) | 6061 (19.4) | 6562 (20.3) | 5988 (19.2) |
 Second to fourth | 17,273 (58.5) | 17,412 (60.5) | 20,266 (59.8) | 18,650 (59.8) | 19,462 (60.2) | 18,387 (58.9) |
 Fifth (most deprived) | 6902 (23.4) | 5460 (19.0) | 6992 (20.6) | 6435 (20.6) | 6293 (19.5) | 6775 (21.7) |
 Unknown | 46 (0.2) | 28 (0.1) | 52 (0.2) | 29 (0.1) | 34 (0.1) | 51 (0.2) |
Education | ||||||
 College or university | 11,127 (37.7) | 13,912 (48.3) | 13,376 (39.4) | 14,926 (47.9) | 15,380 (47.5) | 11,831 (37.9) |
 Vocational | 3199 (10.8) | 2760 (9.6) | 3472 (10.2) | 3098 (9.9) | 3213 (9.9) | 3087 (9.9) |
 Upper secondary | 3893 (13.2) | 3952 (13.7) | 4816 (14.2) | 4026 (12.9) | 4228 (13.1) | 4400 (14.1) |
 Lower secondary | 8249 (27.9) | 6342 (22.0) | 9528 (28.1) | 6823 (21.9) | 7096 (21.9) | 9241 (29.6) |
 Others | 2938 (10.0) | 1765 (6.1) | 2597 (7.7) | 2190 (7.0) | 2342 (7.2) | 2498 (8.0) |
 Unknown | 136 (0.5) | 77 (0.3) | 132 (0.4) | 112 (0.4) | 92 (0.3) | 144 (0.5) |
Household income, £ | ||||||
 < 18,000 | 3944 (13.4) | 3705 (12.9) | 4160 (12.3) | 4133 (13.3) | 4430 (13.7) | 3814 (12.2) |
 18,000–30,999 | 5883 (19.9) | 6261 (21.7) | 6927 (20.4) | 6613 (21.2) | 7297 (22.6) | 6188 (19.8) |
 31,000–51,999 | 7736 (26.2) | 7613 (26.4) | 9186 (27.1) | 7957 (25.5) | 8306 (25.7) | 8269 (26.5) |
 52,000–100,000 | 6865 (23.2) | 6667 (23.1) | 8251 (24.3) | 7104 (22.8) | 6977 (21.6) | 7599 (24.4) |
 > 100,000 | 2231 (7.6) | 1800 (6.3) | 2424 (7.2) | 2161 (6.9) | 2199 (6.8) | 2287 (7.3) |
 Unknown | 2883 (9.8) | 2762 (9.6) | 2973 (8.8) | 3207 (10.3) | 3142 (9.7) | 3044 (9.8) |
Alcohol consumption among drinkers, median (IQR), g/day | 14.5 (6.2, 27.4) | 10.2 (3.6, 18.2) | 12.8 (5.1, 24.1) | 10.2 (4.3, 19.9) | 11.2 (5.1, 20.6) | 11.2 (4.5, 22.7) |
Current smoker, n (%) | 3216 (10.9) | 1579 (5.5) | 3102 (9.1) | 1934 (6.2) | 2081 (6.4) | 2914 (9.3) |
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.6 (4.8) | 26.2 (4.4) | 27.7 (4.9) | 26.0 (4.3) | 26.5 (4.5) | 27.3 (4.8) |
Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 91.5 (13.4) | 86.4 (12.6) | 92.3 (13.4) | 85.2 (12.6) | 87.7 (13.0) | 90.0 (13.4) |
Total physical activity, MET-mins/week | ||||||
 0–599 | 5366 (18.2) | 3444 (12.0) | 6259 (18.5) | 3626 (11.6) | 3966 (12.3) | 5785 (18.5) |
 600–1199 | 4647 (15.7) | 4443 (15.4) | 5520 (16.3) | 4598 (14.8) | 4733 (14.6) | 5103 (16.4) |
 ≥ 1200 | 14,958 (50.6) | 16,992 (59.0) | 17,133 (50.5) | 18,346 (58.9) | 19,036 (58.8) | 15,430 (49.5) |
 Unknown | 4571 (15.5) | 3929 (13.6) | 5009 (14.8) | 4605 (14.8) | 4616 (14.3) | 4883 (15.7) |
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1917.4 (1560.6, 2314.9) | 2147.2 (1836.6, 2510.8) | 2273.9 (1943.0, 2652.6) | 1791.8 (1500.9, 2128.2) | 2113.3 (1783.1, 2492.8) | 1922.3 (1589.0, 2287.2) |
Alanine aminotransferase, median (IQR), U/L | 21.0 (15.9, 28.9) | 18.7 (14.6, 24.8) | 21.1 (15.9, 29.1) | 18.4 (14.5, 24.3) | 19.5 (15.2, 25.9) | 19.8 (15.0, 27.6) |
Albumin, median (IQR), g/L | 45.5 (43.7, 47.2) | 45.4 (43.7, 47.1) | 45.4 (43.7, 47.2) | 45.5 (43.8, 47.2) | 45.4 (43.7, 47.1) | 45.4 (43.7, 47.2) |
Gamma glutamyltransferase, median (IQR), U/L | 27.7 (19.2, 43.3) | 22.2 (16.4, 33.3) | 27.3 (19.1, 42.3) | 21.9 (16.3, 32.6) | 23.6 (17.2, 35.4) | 25.5 (17.9, 39.7) |
Glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.0) | 5.1 (4.9) | 5.0 (1.0) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) |
Glycated hemoglobin, mean (SD), mmol/mol | 35.4 (5.9) | 35.1 (5.3) | 35.4 (6.2) | 35.0 (5.1) | 35.5 (5.7) | 35.0 (5.6) |
Triglycerides, median (IQR), mmol/L | 132.4 (93.0, 194.1) | 121.6 (86.7, 173.4) | 137.7 (96.5, 200.8) | 114.3 (83.1, 163.6) | 120.4 (86.5, 173.5) | 131.4 (92.4, 191.3) |
Depression, n (%) | 4033 (13.7) | 4016 (13.9) | 4607 (13.6) | 4413 (14.2) | 4431 (13.7) | 4609 (14.8) |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 15,007 (50.8) | 12,701 (44.1) | 17,977 (53.0) | 12,755 (40.9) | 14,427 (44.6) | 15,619 (50.1) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 15,706 (53.2) | 13,572 (47.1) | 17,502 (51.6) | 14,584 (46.8) | 16,586 (51.3) | 14,981 (48.0) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 1411 (4.8) | 965 (3.4) | 1614 (4.8) | 1106 (3.6) | 1488 (4.6) | 1205 (3.9) |