Table 2 Subgroup meta-analyses

Type of caesarean delivery

 Elective caesarean delivery vs. vaginal delivery

11

1.14 [1.13, 1.16]

1.01 [0.96, 1.06]

 Emergency caesarean delivery vs. vaginal delivery

11

1.10 [1.07, 1.14]

1.06 [1.02, 1.10]

Health outcomes

 Mental and behavioral disorders

15

1.13 [1.09, 1.18]

1.05 [1.00, 1.10]

 Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

8

1.16 [1.09, 1.23]

1.27 [1.15, 1.41]

 Asthma

6

1.17 [1.07, 1.29]

1.06 [0.93, 1.22]

 Multiple sclerosis

1

1.17 [0.91, 1.52]

1.03 [0.62, 1.71]

 Cardiorespiratory fitness

1

1.08 [0.96, 1.21]

0.93 [0.77, 1.12]

Adjustment for maternal age at delivery

 Did not adjust

3

1.10 [0.99, 1.22]

1.06 [0.85, 1.31]

 Adjusted as a categorical variable

22

1.15 [1.11, 1.19]

1.07 [1.00, 1.15]

 Adjusted as a continuous variable

6

1.12 [1.05, 1.19]

1.12 [0.98, 1.29]