Fig. 3From: Triangulating evidence from observational and Mendelian randomization studies of ketone bodies for cognitive performanceCausal estimates of 3-β-hydroxybutyrate on cognitive performance and Alzheimer’s disease from Mendelian randomization analyses. Causal estimates were calculated based on three MR methods: inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (W-Median), and weighted mode (W-Mode)Back to article page