Fig. 1

Infant averaged weight trajectory by ambient air pollutant levels. The infant weight trajectory was assessed using piecewise spline models with knots at 3 and 6 months of age. Log weight was analyzed, and results are presented with back-transformed values on a natural log-scaled axis. Weight trajectories are depicted for prenatal air pollution levels at the 10th and 90th percentiles, shown as black and grey lines, respectively. Higher prenatal exposure to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ were associated with decreased weight at the 3rd trimester, at birth, and at age 2 years. The estimated growth from age 6 months to age 2 years was lower comparing a change in NO₂ from the 10th percentile to the 90th percentile