Fig. 1

Pairwise comparison of the FGR + HDP group vs the term control group across all omics datatypes. A–D Volcano plots showing log₂FC (x axis) and -log₁₀p-value (y axis) for the comparisons of the FGR + HDP (n = 33) and the term control (n = 113) groups. A RNAs, B miRNAs, C proteins, and D metabolites. Each dot represents an analyte. Analytes with FDR < 0.05 are depicted in red. The light gray lines represent (vertical) log₂FC > 1 or <  − 1, and (horizontal) FDR < 0.05. The five analytes with the lowest FDR for each modality are labeled. E–H Hierarchical clustering using the 25 DE analytes with the lowest FDR in each datatype. E RNAs, F miRNAs, G proteins, and H metabolites. Each column represents a placenta. Each row corresponds to an analyte. The color scale represents standardized expression levels. Red signifies higher levels; blue indicates lower levels. The distribution of gestational age and clinical condition are presented at the top of the heatmap. The differential expression model was conditioned on gestational age, race, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal smoking status, delivery type, infant sex, labor initiation, and presence of labor. FGR + HDP, fetal growth restriction with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy; FC, fold change; FDR, false discovery rate, calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure