Impacts of performance-based financing on health system performance: evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo

Table 2 Effects of the PBF program on coverage of incentivized services

	Mean in control group	Impact and 95% CI	% Change^b	N
Early antenatal care initiation (first trimester)	0.18	0.08 (0.03–0.13)	43%	4135
At least 4 antenatal care visits during the last pregnancy	0.34	0.03 (− 0.06 to 0.12)	9%	4134
Antenatal care with tetanus shot	0.78	0.03 (− 0.02 to 0.09)	4%	4135
Antenatal care with anti-malarial	0.71	0.01 (− 0.07 to 0.09)	1%	4135
Institutional delivery	0.91	0.03 (− 0.02 to 0.07)	3%	4089
Any postnatal care	0.39	0.03 (− 0.06 to 0.12)	8%	4135
Modern family planning method among women aged 15–49	0.05	0.03 (0.01–0.06)	67%	9585
Growth monitoring in the past 6 months for children under 5	0.03	0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.04)	35%	7247
Children aged 13–24 months with all basic vaccinations	0.51	0 (− 0.12 to 0.11)	0%	1540
Average impact^a	0.25	0.03 (0.02–0.04)	12%

Notes: analysis of data from the household surveys. The impact coefficient is estimated with multivariate regression models in which service utilization is regressed on the PBF treatment, controlling for randomization block (province). Standard errors are clustered at the health zone level. The sample for maternal health care indicators is of women 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey
^aAverage impacts are based on random effects meta-analysis pooling all the indicators included in each panel. The weight assigned to each indicator is presented in Additional file 1
^bThe “% change” equals the estimated PBF impact divided by the mean in the control group. For the meta-analysis coefficient, the mean in the control group is computed by weighing each individual indicator with the weights generated by the meta-analysis regression

ISSN: 1741-7015