Impact of gallstone disease on the risk of stroke and coronary artery disease: evidence from prospective observational studies and genetic analyses

Table 2 Observational associations between gallstone disease and cardiovascular diseases

Exposure status	Cases/person-years	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Sensitivity analysis
Exposure status	Cases/person-years	HR (95%CI)	*P value*	HR (95%CI)	*P value*	HR (95%CI)	*P value*	HR (95%CI)	*P value*
GSD → Stroke
No	7,224/5,095,745	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Yes	382/207,526	1.07 (0.97–1.19)	0.18	0.97 (0.85–1.11)	0.64	0.95 (0.83–1.09)	0.46	1.19 (1.06–1.34)	0.002
GSD → CAD
No	24,709/4,810,395	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Yes	1,254/184,808	1.27 (1.20–1.35)	< 0.001	1.02 (0.95–1.10)	0.54	0.98 (0.91–1.06)	0.62	1.23 (1.15–1.31)	< 0.001

Model 1: adjusted for sex, age, assessment center, and the top 40 genetic principal components
Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, assessment center, the top 40 genetic principal components, income, Townsend deprivation index, physical activity (IPAQ), smoking, drinking, sleep duration, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, assessment center, the top 40 genetic principal components, income, Townsend deprivation index, physical activity (IPAQ), smoking, drinking, sleep duration, dyslipidemia, hypertension, WHR, body mass index (BMI), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
GSD gallstone disease, CAD coronary artery disease, HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval

ISSN: 1741-7015