Fig. 3
From: Multimodal non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: mechanisms and progress
Interactions between pain modulatory brain regions. Note: The red lines represent the ascending nociceptive pathways that transmit pain signals, while the blue lines represent the descending anti-nociceptive pathways that modulate pain. PFC = prefrontal cortex; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; IC = insula cortex; PAG = periaqueductal gray; RVM = rostral ventromedial medulla