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Table 1 Participant characteristics by tertile of baseline body weight

From: Association of adiposity and its changes over time with COVID-19 risk in older adults with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome: a longitudinal evaluation in the PREDIMED-Plus cohort

 

Baseline body weight tertile

P-valuea

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

(n = 2292)

(n = 2300)

(n = 2282)

Sociodemographic data

 Age years # b

66 (7)

65 (7)

63 (7)

< 0.001

 Men, n (%)

463 (20.2)

1293 (56.2)

1783 (78.13)

< 0.001

Education level, n (%) b

   

< 0.001

 Primary school or less

1360 (59.3)

1101(47.9)

901 (39.5)

 High school or equivalent

566 (24.7)

661 (28.8)

759 (33.3)

 University

366 (16.0)

538 (23.4)

622 (27.3)

Civil status, n (%)b

   

< 0.001

 Single or divorced

302 (13.2)

298 (13.0)

302 (13.2)

 

 Married

1553 (67.8)

1724 (75.0)

1803 (79.0)

 

 Widow/Widower

437 (19.0)

278 (12.1)

177 (7.8)

 

 Intervention group (allocation to group B)

1118 (48.8)

1129 (49.1)

1159 (51.0)

0.342

Lifestyle habits

 Smoking habit, n (%)b

   

< 0.001

  Never smoker

1382 (60.3)

958 (41.7)

694 (30.4)

 

  Former smoker

678 (29.6)

1043 (45.4)

1262 (55.3)

 

  Current smoker

232 (10.1)

299 (13.0)

326 (14.3)

 

  Study mean 17-item MedDiet score1, b#

9 (4)

8 (3)

8 (4)

0.009

 Total physical activity, METs.min/weekb#

1958 (2450)

1888 (2571)

1734 (2603)

0.079

 Alcohol consumption, g/d b#

2.2 (9.6)

5.8 (14.6)

8.8 (21.5)

0.098

Anthropometric and clinical data

 Weight (kg) #b

73.8 (7.7)

85.6 (5.6)

99.2 (10.3)

< 0.001

 Height (cm) #b

155.0(9.0)

163.5 (11.5)

170.2 (10.1)

< 0.001

 BMI, (kg/m2) #b

29.9 (3.4)

32.0 (4.3)

35.0 (4.8)

< 0.001

 Waist circumference (cm) #b

99.4 (8.4)

107.0 (8.0)

116.0 (10.3)

< 0.001

 Waist-to-height ratio# b

0.63 (0.06)

0.65 (0.07)

0.69 (0.08)

< 0.001

 ABSI#b

82.4 (6.0)

83.1 (5.5)

83.5 (5.4)

< 0.001

 Obesity; BMI ≥ 30, n (%)b

1131 (49.4)

1730 (75.2)

2185 (95.8)

< 0.001

 Obesity; BMI ≥ 30, n (%) t

989 (43.2)

1504 (65.4)

1993 (87.3)

< 0.001

 Diabetes, n (%) b

633 (27.6)

762 (31.3)

769 (33.7)

< 0.001

 Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) b

1711 (74.7)

1624 (70.6)

1478 (64.8)

< 0.001

 Hypertension, n (%) b

1901 (82.9)

1921 (83.6)

1936 (84.8)

0.204

 Total, leucocytes (× 10e9/L)# b

6.46 (2.04)

6.58 (2.19)

6.79 (2.35)

< 0.001

 Lymphocytes (× 10e9/L)# b

2.08 (0.90)

2.0 (0.91)

2.0 (0.94)

0.0105

 Platelets (× 10e9/L)# b

233 (73)

222 (74)

211 (70)

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14 (1.6)

14.5 (1.9)

14.8 (1.9)

< 0.001

 Use of ACE inhibitors, n (%)t

825 (36.0)

859 (37.4)

875 (38.3)

0.257

 Received at least 1 dose of vaccine, n (%)t

1203 (52.5)

1180 (51.3)

1120 (49.1)

0.065

 COVID-19 incident cases, n (%)t

169 (7.4)

222 (9.7)

262 (11.5)

< 0.001

 Time in trial at pre-censoring visit (years) #

5.1 (1.0)

5.1 (1.0)

5.1 (1.0)

0.153

 Body weight change (%)tc

 − 2.2 (7.5)

 − 2.2 (7.8)

 − 2.6 (7.9)

0.039

 Survival time (years) #

5.8 (1.3)

5.8 (1.2)

5.8 (1.3)

0.061

  1. Abbreviations: ABSI a body shape index, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, BMI body mass index, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, MedDiet Mediterranean diet
  2. A body shape index (ABSI was calculated as waist circumference × weight−2/3 × height5/6. ABSI was multiplied by 1000 to facilitate interpretation
  3. Data are n (%) for categorical variables. #Unless specified, quantitative data are presented as median (IQR)
  4. Age, sex, education, intervention group, recruitment center, baseline physical activity anthropometry, and prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia had no missing data for this analysis. Baseline smoking status: 28/6874 (0.4% missing data); marital status: 27/6874 (0.4%) missing data. Missing data for these two variables were replaced with the mode of the variable for the cohort. Alcohol consumption at baseline: 36/6784 (0.5%) missing data. Missing data was replaced with sex-specific cohort mean consumption (men = 17.47276; women = 4.599879 g/day). Mediterranean diet adherence: 5/6784 missing (< 0.1%) missing data. Missing data was replaced with cohort mean
  5. 1Notes on scales: Possible MedDiet scores range between 0 and 17. Higher MedDiet scores represent higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet
  6. aP-values for comparisons between groups were tested using the Kruskal Wallis test (owing to the skewed nature of the distribution) or χ2, as appropriate
  7. bData from study baseline. tData at pre-censoring visit
  8. cBody weight change refers to the difference in body weight between the value at the last visit prior to censoring and the baseline value
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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