Table 2 Metabolites (top 40 of 73) present at higher abundance in Black relative to White participants at FDR < 0.05 in simplest model^a,b

Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate

7.57

Benzoate metabolism

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate

4.56

Benzoate metabolism

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

Piperine

3.32

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

5.2E−04

3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate (cmpf)

3.23

Fatty acid, dicarboxylate

Lipid

8.8E−04

Umbelliferone sulfate

2.95

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c18h21no3 (1)

2.79

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

n-Acetyl-1-methylhistidine

2.78

Histidine metabolism

Amino acid

< 3.6E−04

Hydroxy-cmpf

2.73

Fatty acid, dicarboxylate

Lipid

1.9E−03

Thymol sulfate

2.72

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

9.9E−04

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c16h19no3 (3)

2.71

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c16h19no3 (2)

2.66

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c18h21no3 (3)

2.58

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

2-Hydroxyfluorene sulfate

2.49

Tobacco metabolite

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

2-Naphthol sulfate

2.49

Chemical

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

n-Acetylalliin

2.31

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.5E−03

Gamma-cehc sulfate

2.23

Tocopherol metabolism

Cofactors and vitamins

< 3.6E−04

n-Acetylcitrulline

2.18

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

< 3.6E−04

2-Piperidinone

2.04

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

< 3.6E−04

Glucuronide of piperine metabolite c17h21no3 (4)

2.02

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.0E−02

Glucuronide of piperine metabolite c17h21no3 (3)

1.93

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.1E−02

Glucuronide of piperine metabolite c17h21no3 (5)

1.91

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.0E−02

Taurodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate

1.89

Secondary bile acid metabolism

Lipid

5.8E−03

Glutarate (c5-dc)

1.59

Fatty acid, dicarboxylate

Lipid

3.6E−04

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos)

1.51

Chemical

Xenobiotics

1.0E−02

n-Acetylarginine

1.49

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

< 3.6E−04

Serotonin

1.48

Tryptophan metabolism

Amino acid

4.8E−02

n-Acetylglutamine

1.45

Glutamate metabolism

Amino acid

< 3.6E−04

Indoleacetylglutamine

1.44

Tryptophan metabolism

Amino acid

3.1E−02

n-Acetylasparagine

1.42

Alanine and aspartate metabolism

Amino acid

< 3.6E−04

Hexanoylglutamine

1.42

Fatty acid metabolism (acyl glutamine)

Lipid

1.3E−02

1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-gpc (18:0/22:6)

1.41

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)

Lipid

3.8E−04

n-Acetyl-2-aminooctanoate

1.40

Fatty acid, amino

Lipid

2.5E−03

6-Oxopiperidine-2-carboxylate

1.40

Lysine metabolism

Amino acid

9.8E−03

Taurocholenate sulfate

1.38

Secondary bile acid metabolism

Lipid

3.5E−03

Campesterol

1.37

Sterol

Lipid

3.1E−02

Carotene diol (3)

1.36

Vitamin A metabolism

Cofactors and vitamins

5.0E−03

Arginine

1.35

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

< 3.6E−04

Cis-4-decenoylcarnitine (c10:1)

1.34

Fatty acid metabolism (acyl carnitine, monounsaturated)

Lipid

5.0E−04

Picolinate

1.33

Tryptophan metabolism

Amino acid

8.5E−03

1-(1-Enyl-stearoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-gpe (p-18:0/20:4)

1.33

Plasmalogen

Lipid

2.3E−03