Table 3 Metabolites (top 40 of 345) present at lower abundance in Black relative to White participants at FDR < 0.05 in simplest model^a,b

Theobromine

0.26

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

9.2E−04

n-Methylpipecolate

0.28

Bacterial/fungal

Xenobiotics

4.5E−03

Caffeine

0.29

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

3.6E−03

n6-methyllysine

0.30

Lysine metabolism

Amino acid

2.3E−03

3-Methylxanthine

0.32

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.2E−04

5-Acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil

0.34

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.1E−03

Tryptophan betaine

0.35

Tryptophan metabolism

Amino acid

3.8E−04

7-Methylxanthine

0.37

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.6E−04

1-Methylxanthine

0.40

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.9E−04

1,7-Dimethylurate

0.40

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.2E−03

2-Palmitoleoyl-gpc (16:1)

0.41

Lysophospholipid

Lipid

8.2E−05

Theophylline

0.44

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

5.3E−03

Galactonate

0.45

Fructose, mannose, and galactose metabolism

Carbohydrate

2.0E−04

5alpha-androstan-3beta,17alpha-diol disulfate

0.46

Androgenic steroids

Lipid

8.9E−05

2-Hydroxyacetaminophen sulfate

0.47

Drug — analgesics, anesthetics

Xenobiotics

2.3E−02

Quinate

0.47

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

5.1E−03

1,3-Dimethylurate

0.47

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

7.8E−04

Paraxanthine

0.48

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.4E−02

Palmitoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (16:0/18:2) [1]

0.49

Diacylglycerol

Lipid

9.8E−05

3-Aminoisobutyrate

0.49

Pyrimidine metabolism, thymine containing

Nucleotide

5.7E−04

Oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:1/18:2) [2]

0.49

Diacylglycerol

Lipid

6.5E−04

Alpha-cehc sulfate

0.49

Tocopherol metabolism

Cofactors and vitamins

6.9E−04

Metabolonic lactone sulfate

0.50

Partially characterized molecules

Partially characterized

2.2E−04

1-Palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1)

0.50

Monoacylglycerol

Lipid

1.8E−04

2-Aminophenol sulfate

0.51

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

2.9E−04

2-Palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1)

0.51

Monoacylglycerol

Lipid

1.1E−04

4-Ethylcatechol sulfate

0.52

Benzoate metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.1E−03

1-Methylurate

0.52

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

1.8E−04

n6,n6-dimethyllysine

0.52

Lysine metabolism

Amino acid

1.5E−03

Vanillic acid glycine

0.53

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.9E−04

Palmitoloelycholine

0.53

Fatty acid metabolism (acyl choline)

Lipid

4.1E−04

Linoleoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (18:2/18:3) [2]

0.54

Diacylglycerol

Lipid

9.2E−05

n-Delta-acetylornithine

0.54

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

2.3E−04

1,3,7-Trimethylurate

0.54

Xanthine metabolism

Xenobiotics

2.1E−03

Myristoleate (14:1n5)

0.55

Long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid

Lipid

1.3E−02

3-Methylglutarylcarnitine (2)

0.55

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine metabolism

Amino acid

2.7E−04

Cholate

0.55

Primary bile acid metabolism

Lipid

1.9E−03

Indolebutyrate

0.55

Tryptophan metabolism

Amino acid

2.1E−04

Oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:1/18:2) [1]

0.56

Diacylglycerol

Lipid

7.5E−04

Ethylmalonate

0.57

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine metabolism

Amino acid

9.0E−04