Table 4 Metabolites present at higher abundance in Black relative to White participants at FDR < 0.05 in the most completely adjusted model^a,b

Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate

7.25

Benzoate metabolism

Xenobiotics

< 7.6E−05

Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate

4.29

Benzoate metabolism

Xenobiotics

< 7.6E−05

Piperine

3.19

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

3.8E−03

n-Acetylalliin

2.80

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

2.1E−03

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c16h19no3 (3)

2.67

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.1E−03

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c18h21no3 (1)

2.66

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.2E−03

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c18h21no3 (3)

2.51

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

8.7E−04

Umbelliferone sulfate

2.49

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

4.8E−03

n-Acetyl-1-methylhistidine

2.44

Histidine metabolism

Amino acid

< 7.6E−05

3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate (cmpf)

2.43

Fatty acid, dicarboxylate

Lipid

5.9E−03

Sulfate of piperine metabolite c16h19no3 (2)

2.41

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

1.0E−03

2-Hydroxyfluorene sulfate

2.33

Tobacco metabolite

Xenobiotics

< 7.6E−05

2-Naphthol sulfate

2.32

Chemical

Xenobiotics

< 7.6E−05

Hydroxy-cmpf

2.17

Fatty acid, dicarboxylate

Lipid

1.0E−02

n-Acetylcitrulline

2.16

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

< 7.6E−05

Thymol sulfate

2.14

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

5.0E−02

Genistein sulfate

2.13

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

3.7E−02

Gamma-cehc sulfate

2.11

Tocopherol metabolism

Cofactors and vitamins

1.1E−03

Glycohyocholate

1.89

Secondary bile acid metabolism

Lipid

5.8E−03

2-Piperidinone

1.87

Food component/plant

Xenobiotics

5.9E−03

Taurodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate

1.86

Secondary bile acid metabolism

Lipid

1.5E−02

Tauro-beta-muricholate

1.72

Primary bile acid metabolism

Lipid

2.6E−02

Glutarate (c5-dc)

1.54

Fatty acid, dicarboxylate

Lipid

6.8E−03

n-Acetylglutamine

1.49

Glutamate metabolism

Amino acid

< 7.6E−05

Taurocholenate sulfate

1.47

Secondary bile acid metabolism

Lipid

6.2E−03

Carotene diol (3)

1.47

Vitamin A metabolism

Cofactors and vitamins

5.0E−03

Spermidine

1.45

Polyamine metabolism

Amino acid

2.0E−02

n-Acetylarginine

1.45

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

9.6E−04

n-Acetyl-2-aminooctanoate

1.43

Fatty acid, amino

Lipid

1.2E−02

n-Acetylasparagine

1.38

Alanine and aspartate metabolism

Amino acid

2.0E−03

Cis-4-decenoylcarnitine (c10:1)

1.34

Fatty acid metabolism (acyl carnitine, monounsaturated)

Lipid

6.5E−03

Homoarginine

1.33

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

1.0E−02

1-(1-Enyl-stearoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-gpe (p-18:0/20:4)

1.29

Plasmalogen

Lipid

1.4E−02

Sphingomyelin (d18:1/20:1, d18:2/20:0)

1.26

Sphingomyelins

Lipid

< 7.6E−05

Arginine

1.26

Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism

Amino acid

6.8E−03

Creatine

1.26

Creatine metabolism

Amino acid

9.7E−03

Carotene diol (2)

1.26

Vitamin A metabolism

Cofactors and vitamins

3.7E−02

3-Methoxytyrosine

1.25

Tyrosine metabolism

Amino acid

1.6E−02

Sphingomyelin (d18:2/24:2)

1.25

Sphingomyelins

Lipid

9.6E−04

Guanidinoacetate

1.25

Creatine metabolism

Amino acid

6.9E−03

Succinylcarnitine (c4-dc)

1.25

TCA cycle

Energy

3.5E−02

2′-o-methyluridine

1.24

Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing

Nucleotide

1.5E−02

2-Hydroxyglutarate

1.23

Fatty acid, dicarboxylate

Lipid

9.3E−03

1-(1-Enyl-palmitoyl)-2-linoleoyl-gpc (p-16:0/18:2)

1.22

Plasmalogen

Lipid

1.2E−03

1-(1-Enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-gpe (p-16:0/20:4)

1.22

Plasmalogen

Lipid

3.5E−02

Sphingomyelin (d18:2/18:1)

1.21

Sphingomyelins

Lipid

2.7E−02

Sphingomyelin (d18:1/20:2, d18:2/20:1, d16:1/22:2)

1.20

Sphingomyelins

Lipid

2.0E−02

1-(1-Enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-gpc (p-16:0/20:4)

1.19

Plasmalogen

Lipid

6.2E−03

Sphingomyelin (d18:1/22:2, d18:2/22:1, d16:1/24:2)

1.18

Sphingomyelins

Lipid

6.3E−03

1-(1-Enyl-palmitoyl)-2-palmitoyl-gpc (p-16:0/16:0)

1.17

Plasmalogen

Lipid

2.0E−03

Gamma-glutamylthreonine

1.15

Gamma-glutamyl amino acid

Peptide

3.7E−02

5-Methylthioribose

1.15

Methionine, cysteine, SAM, and taurine metabolism

Amino acid

9.4E−03

1-(1-Enyl-palmitoyl)-2-oleoyl-gpc (p-16:0/18:1)

1.15

Plasmalogen

Lipid

2.1E−02

Sphingomyelin (d18:1/17:0, d17:1/18:0, d19:1/16:0)

1.13

Sphingomyelins

Lipid

2.7E−02

Betaine

1.12

Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism

Amino acid

3.5E−02

Creatinine

1.10

Creatine metabolism

Amino acid

2.2E−02