Table 2 Inclusion criteria

Study design

Any (including non-empirical papers/ reports)

Study setting

Acute healthcare settings—acute, critical, emergency (and potentially wider, see relevance criteria below). Interventions could be delivered globally

Types of unprofessional behaviour

All as exhibited and experienced by healthcare staff (not patients nor patient to staff)

Types of participants

Employed staff groups including students on placements

Types of interventions/strategies

Individual, team, organisational and policy level interventions. Cyber-bullying and other forms of online staff-to-staff unprofessional behaviour

Outcomes

Included but not limited to a focus on one or more of: staff wellbeing (stress, burnout, resilience) staff turnover, absenteeism, malpractice claims, patient complaints, magnet hospital/recruitment, patient safety (avoidable harm, errors, speaking up rates, safety incidents, improved listening/response), cost

Language

English only