Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia groups

Age, mean (SD), y

44.1 (15.7)

59.3 (20.0)

0.84

47.2 (17.6)

48.6 (18.4)

0.03

Sex, No. (%)

0.45

0.02

 Male

68,553 (51.6)

13,622 (43.7)

61,964 (49.3)

13,436 (47.2)

 Female

64,231 (48.4)

17,551 (56.3)

63,845 (50.7)

15,056 (52.8)

Comorbidities, No. (%)

 Diabetes

15,774 (11.9)

7777 (25.0)

–0.34

17,661 (14.0)

4361 (15.3)

–0.04

 Hypertension

22,430 (16.9)

11,362 (36.5)

–0.45

24,868 (19.8)

5904 (20.7)

–0.02

 Dyslipidemia

31,279 (23.6)

11,891 (38.2)

–0.32

32,811 (26.1)

8241 (28.9)

–0.06

 Peripheral vascular disease

6584 (5.0)

4293 (13.8)

–0.31

7908 (6.3)

1901 (6.7)

–0.02

 Chronic pulmonary disease

16,694 (12.6)

16,431 (52.7)

–0.95

23,791 (18.9)

5717 (20.1)

–0.03

 Chronic liver disease

18,244 (13.7)

7342 (23.6)

–0.25

19,545 (15.5)

4943 (17.4)

–0.05

 Chronic kidney disease

687 (0.5)

509 (1.6)

–0.11

796 (0.6)

215 (0.8)

–0.01

 Malignancy

4688 (3.5)

3310 (10.6)

–0.28

5625 (4.5)

1439 (5.1)

–0.03

Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)

0.8 (1.2)

2.2 (1.7)

0.84

1.1 (1.5)

1.2 (1.4)

0.05

Income level, No. (%)

0.17

0.03

 Q1 (lowest)

35,243 (26.5)

8032 (25.8)

33,568 (26.7)

7634 (26.8)

 Q2

31,560 (23.8)

8554 (27.4)

31,040 (24.7)

6942 (24.4)

 Q3

34,134 (25.7)

8118 (26.0)

32,909 (26.2)

7544 (26.5)

 Q4 (highest)

31,189 (23.5)

6265 (20.1)

27,644 (22.0)

6229 (21.9)

 Missing

658 (0.5)

204 (0.7)

648 (0.5)

143 (0.5)

Hospital size, No. (%)

0.35

0.09

  < 500 beds

97,822 (73.7)

22,369 (71.8)

94,921 (75.5)

21,727 (76.3)

  ≥ 500 beds

33,917 (25.5)

6359 (20.4)

29,381 (23.4)

6333 (22.2)

 Missing

1045 (0.8)

2445 (7.8)

1508 (1.2)

432 (1.5)

Cardiovascular drug therapy, No. (%)

 ACE inhibitor

17 (0.01)

20 (0.1)

–0.03

25 (0.02)

9 (0.03)

–0.01

 ARB

409 (0.3)

320 (1.0)

–0.09

532 (0.4)

159 (0.6)

–0.02

 Beta-blocker

703 (0.5)

336 (1.1)

–0.06

772 (0.6)

197 (0.7)

–0.01

 Calcium-channel blocker

761 (0.6)

683 (2.2)

–0.14

1014 (0.8)

287 (1.0)

–0.02

 Diuretic

543 (0.4)

721 (2.3)

–0.16

755 (0.6)

256 (0.9)

–0.03

 Statin

378 (0.3)

368 (1.2)

–0.11

508 (0.4)

170 (0.6)

–0.03

 Insulin

482 (0.4)

406 (1.3)

–0.10

623 (0.5)

204 (0.7)

–0.03

 Other hypoglycemic agents

570 (0.4)

508 (1.6)

–0.12

790 (0.6)

256 (0.9)

–0.03

 Antiplatelet agents

411 (0.3)

390 (1.3)

–0.11

556 (0.4)

175 (0.6)

–0.02

Organ dysfunction, No. (%)

 Cardiovascular

1412 (1.1)

1806 (5.8)

–0.26

1856 (1.5)

584 (2.1)

–0.04

 Respiratory

15,931 (12.0)

8377 (26.9)

–0.38

16,588 (13.2)

4129 (14.5)

–0.04

 Neurologic

407 (0.3)

543 (1.7)

–0.14

546 (0.4)

173 (0.6)

–0.02

 Hematologic

1747 (1.3)

202 (0.6)

0.07

801 (0.6)

219 (0.8)

–0.02

 Hepatic

34 (0.03)

54 (0.2)

–0.05

44 (0.3)

11 (0.04)

–0.002

 Renal

328 (0.2)

812 (2.6)

–0.20

484 (0.4)

161 (0.6)

–0.03

 Metabolic

52 (0.04)

58 (0.2)

–0.04

72 (0.1)

22 (0.1)

–0.01

Vasopressor use, No. (%)

1302 (1.0)

1731 (5.6)

–0.26

1741 (1.4)

547 (1.9)

–0.04

Oxygen therapy, No. (%)

 No oxygen

116,873 (88.0)

22,893 (73.4)

0.38

109,258 (86.8)

24,400 (85.6)

0.03

 Supplemental oxygen

15,784 (11.9)

8245 (26.5)

–0.38

16,395 (13.0)

4075 (14.3)

–0.04

 High-flow nasal cannula

3051 (2.3)

841 (2.7)

–0.03

2217 (1.8)

669 (2.4)

–0.04

 Mechanical ventilation

859 (0.6)

744 (2.4)

–0.14

1020 (0.8)

327 (1.1)

–0.03

Renal replacement therapy, No. (%)

167 (0.1)

401 (1.3)

–0.14

239 (0.2)

88 (0.3)

–0.02

ECMO, No. (%)

62 (0.1)

15 (0.1)

–0.001

42 (0.03)

14 (0.1)

–0.01