Fig. 1

Incidence plots of Marburg virus disease outbreaks involving three or more confirmed or probable cases. Cases are plotted by onset date, except for the outbreak in Angola, which shows the day of reporting. Dashed lines represent the day on which interventions were put in place. Light blue bars indicate probable spillover infections to humans from animals and dark blue bars cases of human-to-human transmission. Spillover cases were usually explicitly reported in the literature, apart from the outbreak in DRC. For this outbreak, we assumed that miners who had been in contact with cases were secondary cases and those who were not were assumed to be infected from the reservoir. The other seven known outbreaks had fewer than 3 recorded cases