Table 3 The association of ethnicity, migration status, sociodemographic and health and lifestyle factors with MLTCs (≥2 long-term conditions): (A) adjusted for ethnicity, migration status and sociodemographic covariates only, and (B) additionally adjusted for health and lifestyle covariates (n=12,100)

Ethnicity/migration status

 White UK-born

1267/7444 (17.0)

Ref

-

Ref

-

 White overseas-born

122/1048 (11.6)

0.68 (0.55–0.83)

<0.001

0.69 (0.56–0.85)

<0.001

 Asian UK-born

95/834 (11.4)

0.80 (0.63–1.00)

0.05

0.69 (0.54–0.87)

0.002

 Asian overseas-born

171/1492 (11.5)

0.75 (0.62–0.90)

0.002

0.63 (0.52–0.77)

<0.001

 Black UK-born

18/152 (11.8)

0.65 (0.39–1.07)

0.09

0.47 (0.28–0.79)

0.004

 Black overseas-born

35/269 (9.5)

0.52 (0.36–0.74)

<0.001

0.39 (0.27–0.56)

<0.001

 Mixed UK-born

63/383 (16.5)

1.13 (0.85–1.50)

0.39

1.10 (0.82–1.47)

0.54

 Mixed overseas-born

19/130 (14.6)

0.94 (0.57–1.55)

0.81

0.85 (0.51–1.42)

0.52

 Other UK-born

7/45 (15.6)

1.05 (0.47–2.39)

0.90

0.83 (0.36–1.93)

0.67

 Other overseas-born

20/203 (9.9)

0.61 (0.38–0.98)

0.04

0.47 (0.29–0.77)

0.002

Age, per decade increase

-

1.11 (1.06–1.16)

<0.001

1.08 (1.03–1.13)

0.002

Sex

 Male

423/2876 (14.7)

Ref

-

Ref

-

 Female

1394/9199 (15.2)

0.86 (0.76–0.98)

0.02

0.89 (0.78–1.02)

0.08

Occupation

 Medical

280/2745 (10.2)

Ref

-

Ref

-

 Nursing

537/2489 (21.6)

2.13 (1.79–2.53)

<0.001

1.55 (1.29–1.86)

<0.001

 Allied Health Professional^a

689/5,057 (13.6)

1.28 (1.09–1.51)

0.003

1.15 (0.97–1.36)

0.11

 Dental

99/734 (13.5)

1.32 (1.02–1.70)

0.04

1.10 (0.85–1.43)

0.47

 Admin/estates/other

130/642 (20.3)

1.98 (1.56–2.52)

<0.001

1.40 (1.09–1.79)

0.009

IMD quintile

 1 (most deprived)

199/1063 (18.7)

1.21 (1.00–1.47)

0.05

1.11 (0.92–1.35)

0.28

 2

281/1758 (16.0)

1.01 (0.84–1.20)

0.96

0.99 (0.83–1.19)

0.94

 3

367/2204 (16.7)

Ref

-

Ref

-

 4

373/2593 (14.4)

0.85 (0.73–0.99)

0.04

0.89 (0.76–1.04)

0.16

 5 (least deprived)

387/3064 (12.6)

0.73 (0.63–0.86)

<0.001

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

0.005

Body mass index (kg/m²)^b

 Underweight

13/151 (8.6)

0.92 (0.51–1.64)

0.77

 Healthy weight

419/4512 (9.3)

Ref

-

 Overweight

532/3645 (14.6)

1.59 (1.39–1.82)

<0.001

 Obesity class 1

352/ 1678 (21.0)

2.29 (1.96–2.69)

<0.001

 Obesity class 2

175/604 (29.0)

3.17 (2.56–3.92)

<0.001

 Obesity class 3

117/323 (36.2)

4.00 (3.10–5.17)

<0.001

Physical activity index

 Active

435/3993 (10.9)

Ref

-

 Moderately active

372/2568 (14.5)

1.24 (1.06–1.44)

0.006

 Moderately inactive

438/2567 (17.1)

1.34 (1.15–1.56)

<0.001

 Inactive

495/2407 (20.6)

1.60 (1.38–1.86)

<0.001

Smoking status

 Never smoker

1140/8736 (13.1)

Ref

-

 Ex-smoker

510/2659 (19.2)

1.28 (1.13–1.45)

<0.001

 Current smoker

15/599 (25.9)

1.73 (1.41–2.13)

<0.001

Units of alcohol per week

 None

850/5,007 (17.0)

Ref

-

 1–7

482/3838 (12.6)

0.72 (0.63–0.82)

<0.001

 8–14

241/1835 (13.3)

0.71 (0.60–0.83)

<0.001

 15–21

121/824 (14.7)

0.70 (0.56–0.88)

0.002

 >28

106/536 (19.8)

0.89 (0.70–1.13)

0.34