Fig. 1

Overview of the study cohorts. A Overview of 11,513 participants’ sampling regions. B Venn diagram of the number of genera after filtering for the rare genera (< 10% prevalence in the corresponding cohorts) detected in each cohort. C Dissimilarities in the gut microbial composition between participants from three cohorts. The pairwise comparisons of the variation in microbial composition among the three cohorts (GNHS, GGMP, and CHNS) were determined by PERMANOVA analyses. The P value was determined by 999 permutations and was further adjusted for multiple testing of pairwise comparison using the Benjamini-Hochberg method