From: Associations between types and sources of dietary carbohydrates and liver fat: a UK Biobank study
Characteristics | Controls (N = 16,079) | High HSIa (N = 6894) | Total (N = 22,973) | p valueb |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)c | 55.1 (8.1) | 54.8 (7.8) | 55.0 (8.0) | 0.004d |
Male sex (%) | 6021 (37) | 2769 (40) | 8790 (38) | <Â 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2)c | 24.1 (2.5) | 31.0 (4.1) | 26.2 (4.4) | <Â 0.001 |
White ethnicity (%) | 15,406 (95.8) | 6536 (94.8) | 21,942 (95.5) | 0.001 |
Most deprived quintile (%) | 3109 (19.4) | 1480 (21.5) | 4589 (20.0) | <Â 0.001 |
University degree (%) | 12,224 (76.0) | 4845 (70.3) | 17,069 (74.3) | <Â 0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 855 (5.3%) | 436 (6.3) | 1291 (5.6) | <Â 0.001 |
Low physical activity (%) | 2553 (15.9) | 1775 (25.7) | 4328 (18.8) | <Â 0.001 |
Hazardous alcohol intake (%) | 6,151 (38.3) | 2575 (37.4) | 8726 (38.0) | <Â 0.001 |
Alcohol intake (units/week)e | 12 (4, 20) | 11.5 (2.8, 22) | 12 (4, 20.5) | 0.003f |
ALT/AST ratioe | 0.72 (0.61, 0.85) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | 0.79 ( 0.65, 0.97) | <Â 0.001f |
PUFA/SFA ratioe | 0.49 (0.39, 0.62) | 0.48 (0.39, 0.61) | 0.49 (0.39, 0.61) | <Â 0.001f |
Total energy intake (kJ)c | 8321.8 (1870.7) | 8350.8 (1956.1) | 8330.5 (1896.8) | 0.29d |
Total carbohydrates (% energy)c | 51.4 (7.0) | 50.6 (7.2) | 51.1 (7.1) | <Â 0.001d |
Free sugars (% energy)c | 11.6 (4.8) | 11.8 (5.1) | 11.7 (4.9) | <Â 0.001d |
Non-free sugars (% energy)c | 14.0 (5.6) | 13.1 (5.6) | 13.7 (5.6) | <Â 0.001d |
Starch from whole grains (% energy)c | 11.8 (6.1) | 12.7 (6.4) | 12.0 (6.2) | <Â 0.001d |
Starch from refined grains (% energy)c | 5.9 (4.3) | 4.8 (3.9) | 5.6 (4.2) | <Â 0.001d |
Fibre (g/day)c | 18.5 (5.7) | 17.2 (5.5) | 18.1 (5.7) | <Â 0.001d |