Table 2 Participant characteristics in the prospective analyses, across lowest and highest quintiles of intake of carbohydrate types and sources (NÂ = 9268)
From: Associations between types and sources of dietary carbohydrates and liver fat: a UK Biobank study
| Â | Total carbohydrates | Free sugars | Non-free sugars | Starch from refined grains | Starch from whole grains | Fibre | Overall | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | |||
Liver fat %a | 2.7 (1.9, 4.4) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.8) | 2.5 (1.8,3.8) | 2.7 (1.9,4.4) | 2.9 (2.0,5.0) | 2.4 (1.8,3.5) | 2.5 (1.8,3.8) | 2.6 (1.9,4.2) | 2.8 (1.9,4.6) | 2.4 (1.8,3.6) | 2.8 (1.9,4.7) | 2.5 (1.8,3.7) | 2.6 (1.9,4.0) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 53 (7) | 53 (7) | 53 (7) | 52 (7) | 51 (7) | 55 (7) | 55 (7) | 51 (7) | 52 (7) | 54 (7) | 52 (7) | 54 (7) | 53 (7) | |
Male sex | 784 (42) | 660 (35) | 550 (29) | 908 (49) | 1,072 (57) | 454 (24) | 337 (43) | 411 (52) | 745 (40) | 796 (43) | 689 (37) | 878 (47) | 3738 (40) | |
BMI | <25  | 776 (42) | 938 (51) | 854 (46) | 858 (46) | 758 (41) | 963 (52) | 917 (50) | 866 (47) | 802 (43) | 1008 (54) | 770 (42) | 944 (51) | 4439 (48) |
25–  | 805 (43) | 707 (38) | 706 (38) | 768 (41) | 822 (44) | 644 (35) | 718 (39) | 728 (39) | 749 (40) | 657 (35) | 793 (43) | 692 (37) | 3642 (39) | |
30– | 219 (12) | 162 (9) | 239 (13) | 185 (10) | 222 (12) | 193 (10) | 179 (10) | 211 (11) | 234 (13) | 150 (8) | 231 (13) | 174 (9) | 961 (10) | |
35– | 53 (3) | 43 (2) | 53 (3) | 40 (2) | 52 (3) | 53 (3) | 40 (2) | 45 (2) | 68 (4) | 37 (2) | 59 (3) | 41 (2) | 221 (2) | |
White ethnicity | 1813 (98) | 1770 (96) | 1781 (96) | 1772 (96) | 1796 (97) | 1782 (96) | 1805 (97) | 1752 (95) | 1774 (96) | 1797 (97) | 1776 (96) | 1804 (97) | 8985 (97) | |
Most deprived quintile | 393 (21) | 388 (21) | 394 (21) | 411 (22) | 427 (23) | 349 (19) | 331 (18) | 432 (23) | 420 (23) | 389 (21) | 397 (21) | 364 (20) | 1849 (20) | |
University degree | 1517 (82) | 1486 (80) | 1490 (80) | 1451 (78) | 1442 (78) | 1494 (81) | 1505 (81) | 1461 (79) | 1461 (79) | 1497 (81) | 1387 (75) | 1544 (83) | 7,456 (80) | |
PUFA/SFA ratio, mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | |
Current smoker | 117 (6) | 76 (4) | 84 (4) | 114 (6) | 140 (8) | 61 (3) | 83 (4) | 99 (5) | 143 (8) | 61 (3) | 130 (7) | 74 (4) | 436 (5) | |
Low physical activity | 392 (21) | 331 (18) | 367 (20) | 386 (21) | 438 (24) | 304 (16) | 341 (18) | 429 (23) | 411 (22) | 330 (18) | 477 (26) | 266 (14) | 1,837 (20) | |
Hazardous alcohol intake | 1,145 (62) | 403 (22) | 743 (40) | 671 (36) | 987 (53) | 508 (27) | 789 (43) | 687 (37) | 809 (44) | 649 (35) | 795 (43) | 685 (37) | 3,780 (41) | |
Alcohol intake (units/week)a | 20 (12, 28.5) | 10 (4, 16) | 14 (8, 24) | 12.5 (6, 23) | 18 (10, 28) | 11 (4.5, 18) | 14.5 (8, 24) | 12.5 (6, 21.5) | 15 (8, 24.5) | 12.5 (6.5, 20.5) | 14.5 (8, 24) | 13.5 (6.5, 23) | 14 (8, 23) | |
Total energy intake (kJ), mean(SD) | 8529 (1986) | 7861 (1797) | 7789 (1740) | 8685 (1988) | 9040 (1999) | 7606 (1710) | 7992 (1847) | 8473 (1905) | 8361 (1998) | 8072 (1787) | 7005 (1563) | 9792 (1918) | 8400 (1894) | |