Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the entire study sample and stratified by survival and cause-specific mortality

N

3047

2667

380

125

255

Observation period, years

13.0 ± 2.4

13.5 ± 1.2

9.0 ± 4.2

 < 0.001^a

8.8 ± 3.7

9.1 ± 4.5

0.412^b

Sex (male)

1486 (48.8)

1232 (46.2)

254 (66.8)

 < 0.001^c

86 (68.8)

168 (65.9)

0.570^c

Age, years

46.6 ± 15.2

44.1 ± 14.0

63.8 ± 12.0

 < 0.001^a

67.3 ± 10.3

62.2 ± 12.4

 < 0.001^b

Living in a partnership, yes

2348 (77.1)

2081 (78.0)

267 (70.3)

0.001^c

83 (66.4)

184 (72.2)

0.249^c

Equivalised income

 1st tertile, < 750 €

1019 (33.4)

903 (33.9)

116 (30.5)

35 (28.0)

81 (31.8)

 2nd tertile, 750–1200 €

1170 (38.4)

1004 (37.7)

166 (43.7)

65 (52.0)

101 (39.6)

 3rd tertile, > 1200 €

858 (28.2)

760 (28.5)

98 (25.8)

0.077^c

25 (20.0)

73 (28.6)

0.056^c

Smoking status

 Never smoker

1081 (35.5)

962 (36.1)

119 (31.3)

44 (35.2)

75 (29.4)

 Former smoker

990 (32.5)

819 (30.7)

171 (45.0)

58 (46.4)

113 (44.3)

 Current smoker

976 (32.0)

886 (33.2)

90 (23.7)

 < 0.001^c

23 (18.4)

67 (26.3)

0.204^c

Body mass index

  < 25 kg/m²

1115 (36.6)

1039 (39.0)

76 (20.0)

19 (15.2)

57 (22.4)

 25– < 30 kg/m²

1208 (39.7)

1036 (38.9)

172 (45.3)

48 (38.4)

124 (48.6)

  ≥ 30 kg/m²

742 (23.8)

592 (22.2)

132 (34.7)

 < 0.001^c

58 (46.4)

74 (29.0)

0.003^c

Diabetes mellitus, yes

250 (8.2)

150 (5.6)

100 (26.3)

 < 0.001^c

37 (29.6)

63 (24.7)

0.309^c

Physical activity, yes

1406 (46.1)

1283 (48.1)

123 (32.4)

 < 0.001^c

34 (27.2)

89 (34.9)

0.132^c

Dyslipidaemia, yes

1415 (46.4)

1170 (43.9)

245 (64.5)

 < 0.001^c

84 (67.2)

161 (63.1)

0.437^c

High alcohol consumption, yes

446 (14.6)

393 (14.7)

53 (14.0)

0.684^c

19 (15.2)

34 (13.3)

0.622^c

Dental check-up during the last year, yes

2729 (89.6)

2408 (90.3)

321 (84.5)

0.001^c

104 (83.2)

217 (85.1)

0.631^c

Daily tooth brushing frequency ≥ 2, yes

2531 (83.1)

2268 (85.0)

263 (69.2)

 < 0.001^c

76 (60.8)

187 (73.3)

0.013^c

Mean PPD, mm

2.5 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.9

 < 0.001^a

2.9 ± 0.9

2.9 ± 0.9

0.826^a

Percentage of sites with PPD ≥ 3 mm, %

44.9 ± 24.2

43.1 ± 23.5

57.7 ± 24.7

 < 0.001^a

57.7 ± 25.1

57.7 ± 24.5

0.994^a

Percentage of sites with PPD ≥ 4 mm, %

12.3 ± 16.9

11.0 ± 15.6

21.0 ± 22.2

 < 0.001^b

21.1 ± 22.5

21.0 ± 22.1

0.970^b

Mean CAL, mm

2.6 ± 1.9

2.3 ± 1.7

4.4 ± 2.1

 < 0.001^a

4.7 ± 2.3

4.2 ± 1.9

0.115^b

Percentage of sites with CAL ≥ 3 mm, %

46.0 ± 34.8

41.4 ± 33.5

77.8 ± 26.0

 < 0.001^b

80.8 ± 23.3

76.6 ± 27.2

0.272^b

Percentage of sites with CAL ≥ 4 mm, %

27.4 ± 31.7

22.9 ± 28.8

58.9 ± 32.8

 < 0.001^b

62.1 ± 32.1

57.3 ± 33.1

0.153^b

Number of missing teeth

7.1 ± 6.8

6.2 ± 6.2

13.6 ± 7.7

 < 0.001^b

15.0 ± 7.0

12.8 ± 7.8

0.010^b

Periodontitis score

0.0 ± 0.9

 − 0.1 ± 0.8

0.9 ± 0.8

 < 0.001^a

1.1 ± 0.7

0.8 ± 0.8

0.012^a

Leukocytes, Gpt/l

6.7 ± 2.0

6.7 ± 1.9

7.1 ± 2.5

 < 0.001^a

7.1 ± 2.3

7.1 ± 2.6

0.967^a

Fibrinogen, g/l

2.9 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.7

3.2 ± 0.8

 < 0.001^a

3.3 ± 0.8

3.2 ± 0.8

0.567^a

C-reactive protein, mg/l

2.7 ± 5.4

2.4 ± 4.3

4.3 ± 10.1

 < 0.001^b

5.8 ± 16.2

3.6 ± 4.6

0.360^b

Inflammation score

0.0 ± 0.8

 − 0.1 ± 0.7

0.4 ± 0.9

 < 0.001^a

0.4 ± 0.9

0.3 ± 0.8

0.454^a