Fig. 4

Impact of skin break procedures on neurodevelopment. A Infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experienced significantly more procedures than those not as risk with an apparently age effect (B) where earlier birth GA is positive associated between skin breaks and ASD risk score. C,D MSEL Gross and Fine motor scales exhibit a clear relationship of increasing deficits with greater pain exposures, showing EPT infants with blue diamonds and VPT infants with red circles. E A similar effect is observable in the expressive language scale which also shows a prominent age effect (F) with earlier birth GA showing a relationship between painful procedures and greater impairment (lower scores) which lessens over time