Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics

Gestational at birth (weeks)

39.2 (1.3)

28.02 (2.8)

 < .001

Postmenstrual age at scan (weeks)

40.9 (1.3)

40.1 (2.0)

 < .001

Age at scan (weeks)

1.6 (0.9)

12.0 (3.3)

 < .001

Sex (% male)

55.6

45.4

.117

Maternal characteristics

 Maternal age (years)

34.1 (5.8)

28.0 (5.6)

 < .001

 Gravida

2 [1, 9]

2 [1, 8]

.058

 Primipara (% yes)

55.6

77.2

.001

 Education level (%)

 < .001

   < HS

6.6

9.8

  HS

12.1

32.6

  Some college

19.8

27.2

  College degree

18.7

19.6

  Graduate degree

42.9

10.9

 Employment (%)

.087

  Professional

61.5

41.3

  Skilled/clerical/sales

13.2

18.5

  Unemployed/homemaker

25.3

40.2

Race and Ethnicity (%)

 < .001

 American/Alaskan Indian

2.0

1.3

 Asian/Pacific Islander

4.0

16.5

 Non-Hispanic Black

39.4

27.8

 Hispanic

11.1

1.3

 Non-Hispanic White

40.4

53.2

 Other

3.0

0

APGAR at 1 min

8 [6, 9]

4 [0,9]

 < .001

APGAR at 5 min

9 [8, 10]

7 [0,9]

 < .001

NICU care clinical care

 Number of NICU procedures

-

111 (93.2)

 Length of NICU stay (days)

-

67.7 (34.9)

 Opioid pain medication in NICU (%)

-

79.7

  Fentanyl exposure (%)

-

54.0

  Morphine exposure (%)

-

41.6

 Benzodiazepine medication in NICU (%)

-

27.9

 Dexmedetomidine in NICU (%)

-

15.0

 Underwent surgery prior to TEA (%)

-

30.7

 Ventilated in NICU (%)

-

12.1

 Rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (%)

-

11.4

 Rates of patent ductus arteriosus (%)

-

29.2

 Rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (%)

-

21.4