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Table 3 Cognitive decline over 18 years as a function of metabolic-obesity phenotypes in 1997

From: Is metabolic-healthy obesity associated with risk of dementia? An age-stratified analysis of the Whitehall II cohort study

Standardized cognitive test scores

Metabolic-obesity phenotypes in 1997a

MHNO (N = 4726)

Reference

Mean (95% CI)

MUNO (N = 1465)

Difference (95% CI)

MHO (N = 481)

Difference (95% CI)

MUO (N = 484)

Difference (95% CI)

Global cognitive scoreb

 Model 1c

 − 0.71 (− 0.73, − 0.69)

 − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03)

 − 0.15 (− 0.22, − 0.07)

 − 0.10 (− 0.18, − 0.02)

 Model 2d

 − 0.72 (− 0.74, − 0.69)

 − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.04)

 − 0.14 (− 0.22, − 0.07)

 − 0.10 (− 0.17, − 0.02)

Individual cognitive tests

Memory

 Model 1c

 − 0.73 (− 0.76, − 0.70)

0.04 (− 0.03, 0.10)

 − 0.08 (− 0.19, 0.03)

 − 0.12 (− 0.22, 0.01)

 Model 2d

 − 0.73 (− 0.76, − 0.70)

0.04 (− 0.03, 0.11)

 − 0.07 (− 0.18, 0.04)

 − 0.10 (− 0.21, 0.01)

Reasoning

 Model 1c

 − 0.43 (− 0.45, − 0.41)

 − 0.03 (− 0.07, 0.01)

 − 0.09 (− 0.15, − 0.03)

 − 0.05 (− 0.12, 0.01)

 Model 2d

 − 0.43 (− 0.45, − 0.42)

 − 0.03 (− 0.07, 0.01)

 − 0.09 (− 0.16, − 0.03)

 − 0.06 (− 0.12, 0.01)

Semantic fluency

 Model 1c

 − 0.46 (− 0.49, − 0.43)

 − 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.03)

 − 0.09 (− 0.18, − 0.01)

0.01 (− 0.08, 0.10)

 Model 2d

 − 0.46 (− 0.49, − 0.44)

 − 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.03)

 − 0.09 (− 0.18, − 0.004)

0.002 (− 0.09, 0.09)

Phonemic fluency

 Model 1c

 − 0.51 (− 0.54, -0.48)

 − 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.05)

 − 0.17 (− 0.27, − 0.08)

 − 0.16 (− 0.26, − 0.06)

 Model 2d

 − 0.52 (− 0.54, − 0.49)

 − 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.05)

 − 0.17 (− 0.26, − 0.07)

 − 0.16 (− 0.26, − 0.06)

  1. MHNO metabolically healthy non-obesity, MUNO metabolically unhealthy non-obesity, MHO metabolically healthy obesity, MUO metabolically unhealthy obesity, BMI body mass index
  2. aDefined as prevalence of ≥ 2 of elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, low HDL-C, and/or elevated fasting glucose
  3. bThe global cognitive score is composed of all 4 cognitive tests, re-standardized to a z-score
  4. cModel 1: Analysis adjusted for time, time2, age, sex, education, ethnicity, marital status, and interactions with time and time2 when p < 0.05
  5. dModel 2: Model 1 + health-related behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, fruits and vegetables consumption, physical activity), and interactions with time and time2 when p < 0.05