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Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Male- and female-specific reproductive risk factors across the lifespan for dementia or cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fig. 1

Flowchart of identifying included studies and characteristics of the factors. A total of 94 articles were finally recognized after screening 10,153 studies according to standard procedures. Among them, 63 articles were included in the meta-analysis, while 31 were in systematic reviews (A). Factors identified in females were classified into 5 parts according to different stages across the lifespan, (1) puberty-related factors; (2) latency period-related factors; (3) peri-menopause-related factors; (4) sex hormones in post-menopause; and (5) gynecological operations across the lifespan. Male-specific risk factors are sorted into 2 parts, (1) male-specific disease or disease-related factors and (2) sex hormones in late-life. Three outcomes were concluded: cognitive decline, dementia, and AD (B). Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer’s disease, SHBG: sex hormone–binding globulin

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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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