Table 1 Methods for measuring child outcomes

Neurocognitive

Development

• Child development was measured using parental report at 6, 18, and 30 months using a questionnaire adapted from the Denver Developmental Screening Test—II [23]

Academic Performance

• UK Department of Education scores from standard assessment tests linked to ALSPAC subjects for ages 5–7, 8–11, and 12–14 years

Cognitive Development

• Researcher-administered Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III UK at age 4 and 8 years

Cardiometabolic

Body Composition

• Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measured fat, lean, and bone mass at 9, 11, and 13 years

Anthropometric/Blood Pressure

• Weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured throughout infancy and in 1–2-year intervals from ages 7 to 13 years