Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) in normoglycemia and prediabetes groups
Characteristic | Normoglycemia group (N = 126,203) | Prediabetes group (N = 16,068) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2D-free (n = 122,855) | T2D (n = 3348) | P | T2D-free (n = 13,572) | T2D (n = 2496) | P-value | |
Age | 55.9 ± 7.8 | 59.32 ± 7.1 |  < 0.001 | 59.8 ± 6.4 | 60.5 ± 6.3 |  < 0.001 |
Female | 67,772 (55.2) | 1181 (35.3) |  < 0.001 | 7488 (55.2) | 932 (37.3) |  < 0.001 |
Townsend deprivation index |  − 1.9 ± 2.7 |  − 1.4 ± 2.9 |  < 0.001 |  − 1.8 ± 2.8 |  − 1.4 ± 2.9 |  < 0.001 |
Education |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 College or University degree | 52,798 (43.0) | 1005 (30.0) |  | 4905 (36.1) | 684 (27.4) |  |
 Upper secondary | 16,542 (13.5) | 400 (11.9) |  | 1683 (12.4) | 314 (12.6) |  |
 Lower secondary | 31,507 (25.6) | 930 (27.8) |  | 3699 (27.2) | 666 (26.7) |  |
 Vocational | 6501 (5.3) | 270 (8.1) |  | 830 (6.1) | 237 (9.5) |  |
 Other | 15,507 (12.6) | 743 (22.2) |  | 2455 (18.1) | 595 (23.8) |  |
Smoking status |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Never | 72,001 (58.6) | 1491 (44.5) |  | 6967 (51.3) | 1049 (42.0) |  |
 Previous | 42,588 (34.7) | 1508 (45.0) |  | 5154 (38.0) | 1207 (48.4) |  |
 Current | 8266 (6.7) | 349 (10.5) |  | 1451 (10.7) | 240 (9.6) |  |
Physical activity |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Unfavorable | 11,790 (9.6) | 574 (17.1) |  | 1,473 (10.9) | 369 (14.8) |  |
 Intermediate | 82,273 (67.0) | 2160 (64.5) |  | 9149 (67.4) | 1667 (66.8) |  |
 Favorable | 28,792 (23.4) | 614 (18.3) |  | 2950 (21.7) | 460 (18.4) |  |
Antidiabetic drug |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 121,503 (98.9) | 2418 (72.2) |  | 13,331 (98.2) | 2144 (85.9) |  |
 Yes | 1,352 (1.1) | 930 (27.8) |  | 241 (1.8) | 352 (14.1) |  |
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2077.8 ± 606.8 | 2119.1 ± 648.2 |  < 0.001 | 2094.9 ± 611.5 | 2130.0 ± 651.0 | 0.009 |
Genetic risk |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Low | 41,477 (33.8) | 590 (17.6) |  | 4701 (34.6) | 655 (26.2) |  |
 Moderate | 41,086 (33.4) | 987 (29.5) |  | 4554 (33.6) | 802 (32.1) |  |
 High | 40,292 (32.8) | 1771 (52.9) |  | 4317 (31.8) | 1039 (41.6) |  |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 4.2 | 30.9 ± 5.4 |  < 0.001 | 28.0 ± 4.7 | 31.2 ± 5.2 |  < 0.001 |
Hypertension |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 95,877 (78.0) | 988 (29.5) |  | 9046 (66.7) | 685 (27.4) |  |
 Yes | 26,978 (22.0) | 2360 (70.5) |  | 4526 (33.3) | 1811 (72.6) |  |
Cardiovascular disease |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 116,936 (95.2) | 2912 (87.0) |  | 12,339 (90.9) | 2103 (84.3) |  |
 Yes | 5919 (4.80) | 436 (13.0) |  | 1233 (9.1) | 393 (15.7) |  |