Association between menstrual cycle phase and metabolites in healthy, regularly menstruating women in UK Biobank, and effect modification by inflammatory markers and risk factors for metabolic disease

Table 2 Associations between menstrual cycle phase and metabolite concentration menstrual cycle phase

Variable (mmol/L)	N	EDF	Dev exp	p-value	Minimum (mmol/L (MC phase))	Maximum (mmol/L (MC phase))	Variation (mmol/L (%))
Glucose	7780	1.3	0.68	0.072	4.77 (0.46)	4.79 (0.96)	0.02 (0.43)
Triglyceride	8653	4.0	1.81	0.066	1.18 (0.92)	1.24 (0.67)	0.06 (5.32)
TyG index	7778	3.6	2.84	0.100	4.50 (0.96)	4.52 (0.67)	0.02 (0.45)
Total cholesterol	8651	3.4	2.30	< 0.001	5.32 (0.88)	5.44 (0.25)	0.12 (2.27)
HDL cholesterol	7779	2.9	1.88	< 0.001	1.53 (0.88)	1.59 (0.46)	0.06 (3.85)
LDL cholesterol	8638	3.6	1.59	0.012	3.25 (0.88)	3.32 (0.21)	0.07 (2.15)
Total to HDL cholesterol	7776	5.4	1.46	< 0.001	3.50 (0.50)	3.65 (0.13)	0.15 (4.17)

P-values represent the significance level for smoothed terms in the GAM. Boldface text denotes a significant p-value (< 0.05). Analyses were adjusted for age, ethnicity and deprivation. Menstrual cycle (MC) phase values are shown on a scale of 0–1; this corresponds to the approximate phases: follicular phase, 0–0.54; luteal phase, 0.54–1 [38]
Dev exp deviance explained in percentage, EDF estimated degrees of freedom, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, TyG index, triglyceride to glucose index

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