Fig. 2

Within-network static functional connectivity differences in cognition-related brain networks. Seven (out of ten) sub-networks exhibiting altered functional connectivity in FAS patients compared with controls. First column: Overview of the networks’ overall extent. Second column: P-value histograms (different scaling reflecting different numbers of regions in each network) of multiple linear models (main effect of group) comparing functional connectivity within these sub-networks between FAS patients and control participants. Under the null hypothesis of equal functional connectivity in both groups, equal numbers of p-values are expected in each histogram bin. The histograms show an excess of low p-values, quantitatively confirmed by a test of the joint hypothesis based on higher criticism statistics. This means that FAS patients differ from healthy controls regarding at least rare and/or weak effects. Third column: Unthresholded matrices of connectivity group differences describing the full connections of cognition- related brain regions within each network. Yellow: mean z-transformed correlation coefficients relatively increased in FAS compared with controls. Blue: relatively decreased functional connectivity in FAS. Fourth column: Standardized effect size estimates (partial η² from linear models, * single connection with significant group difference, false-discovery-rate-corrected p < 0.05 within the network but not significant when correcting across all connections). The remaining three networks without significant results are presented in Fig. 3